UNit 10张.docx
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UNit10张
UnitTenPlagiarism
1.Introduction
1.1thedefinitionofplagiarism
Plagiarismistheactofusinganotherperson’slanguageorideaswithoutacknowledgment.(ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromaLatinwordforkidnapper.)Adictionarydefinesitas“theuseorimitationofwordsandideasofanotherpersonandtherepresentationofthemasone’soriginalwork.”IntheplainestEnglishpossible,plagiarismistheft.Aseriousactofdishonesty,italwayscarriesaheavypenalty-failureofthepaper,failureinthecourse,orevenexpulsionfromschool.Itisregardedjustasseriouslyinprofessionallife;everyfewweeks,itseems,newspapersreportthatapublicofficial,acorporateexecutive,orevenaprofessionalwriterhasbeenaccusedofpresentingasoriginalworksomethingwrittenbysomeoneelse.Evenwhentheoffenseoccurredtwentyormoreyearsbefore,theresultisoftendisgraceandpersonaltragedy.
1.2thedeliberateorunintentionalact
Thistypeofplagiarismisadeliberateact,anintentionalmisrepresentationmeanttodeceivethereader.Apaperliftedfromafraternityorsororityfileisablatantformofacademicdishonesty,asisthepurchaseofaready-madepaperfroma“researchservice”oranInternetsite.Suchattemptsoftenfailtodeceivethereaderasintended.Experiencedreadersusuallyrecognizesuchpapersbecauseofthemarkeddifferencebetweenstudentproseandprofessionalwriting.AstheInternettradeinresearchpapershasgrown,anumberofplagiarism-detectionserviceshavebeenintroduced,andmanyschoolsandindividualfacultymemberssubscribetothem.Evenwithoutthoseservices,ateachercanlocateatextpostedontheInternetinonlyseconds.
Notallplagiarismisdeliberate.Itisfatallyeasytoomitacitation,failtousequotationmarks,orthoughtlesslyechothelanguageofasource.Unintentionalorcarelessplagiarismisespeciallylikelytooccurattwostagesofthewritingprocess--duringnotetakingorduringdrafting.Especiallyifyouarepressedfortime,itisveryeasytoneglecttorecordasourceortoborrowlanguagewithoutusingquotationmarks.Asafinalstepintakingnotesfromasource,stoptoverifythatyouhaveusedquotationmarksappropriatelyandrecordedthesourceaccurately.Plagiarismthatoccursduringthewritingphaseisusuallytheresultofcarelessness.Whilewritingyourroughdraft,meticulouslycheckyourtextagainsteachsource.Becertainthatyouhavenotusedphrasingfromasourcewithoutputtingitintoquotationmarksandthatyouhavecitedthesourcesofallborrowedmaterial,whetheritisaquotation,aparaphrase,orasummary.Ifyouhavenotusedquotationmarks,youhavestillcommittedplagiarism,eventhoughyouhavenotdeliberatelytriedtodeceiveareader.Thepenaltyforunintentionalplagiarismcanbeassevereasforflagrantcribbingfromabook,journalarticle,orInternetsite.
2.DefiningCommonKnowledge
Studentsareunderstandablypuzzledbythestatementthattheyneednotciteasourceforfactsthatarecommonknowledgeorforopinionsthataregenerallyknownandaccepted.Asanovicedealingwithanewtopic,youmayfeeloverwhelmedbecauseeverythingseemsnewtoyou.Oftenyoucanuseyoursourcesasmodels.Whenyoursourcesprovidedocumentationforideas,youcertainlywillneedtoaswell.However,assomefactsappearwithoutcitationsoverandoverindiscussionsofyourtopic,youwillbegintorecognizethemassomeofthegenerallyacceptedfactsofthatfield.Ifyouexpresstheminyourownwords,youordinarilydonotneedtocitethem.Butafactoranopinionderivedfromasinglesourcerequirescitation.Forexample,thereisnoneedtodocumentthatJohnEKennedywaselectedpresidentin1960orthathewasassassinatedon22November1963--evenifyouwereunawareofthosefactsbeforeyoubeganyourresearch.However,anyanalysisofhowhecametobeelectedoranytheoryofhowtheassassinationtookplaceneedstobecreditedtotheoriginatorofthatidea.Ifyouareuncertainwhetheranitemrequiresdocumentation,thebestcourseofactionwouldbetotalkwithyourinstructor,orsimplytodocumenttheinformationasifitwerenotcommonknowledge.
3.AvoidingUnintentionalPlagiarism:
paraphrase,summary,andquotation
Perhapsthemostfrequentcauseofunintentionalplagiarismisthecarelesshandlingofborrowedmaterial.Ifyouarequoting,thewordsyourecordmustmatchexactlythewordsinyoursource.Ifyouareputtingtheideasinyourownwords,thentheymustbeyourownwords,notthoseofthesource.Ifyoucombineyourownwordswiththoseofthesource,thoseofthesourcemustbeenclosedinquotationmarks.Youshouldfollowtheseruleswhenyouaretakingnotesandwhenyouareusingthosenotestowriteyourpaper.Doingsoshouldreduce--ifnoteliminateentirely--theproblemofaccidentalplag