UNit 10张.docx

1、UNit 10张Unit Ten Plagiarism1. Introduction1.1 the definition of plagiarismPlagiarism is the act of using another persons language or ideas without acknowledgment. (The word plagiarism is derived from a Latin word for kidnapper.) A dictionary defines it as “the use or imitation of words and ideas of

2、another person and the representation of them as ones original work.” In the plainest English possible, plagiarism is theft. A serious act of dishonesty, it always carries a heavy penalty-failure of the paper, failure in the course, or even expulsion from school. It is regarded just as seriously in

3、professional life; every few weeks, it seems, newspapers report that a public official, a corporate executive, or even a professional writer has been accused of presenting as original work something written by someone else. Even when the offense occurred twenty or more years before, the result is of

4、ten disgrace and personal tragedy.1.2 the deliberate or unintentional actThis type of plagiarism is a deliberate act, an intentional misrepresentation meant to deceive the reader. A paper lifted from a fraternity or sorority file is a blatant form of academic dishonesty, as is the purchase of a read

5、y-made paper from a “research service” or an Internet site. Such attempts often fail to deceive the reader as intended. Experienced readers usually recognize such papers because of the marked difference between student prose and professional writing. As the Internet trade in research papers has grow

6、n, a number of plagiarism-detection services have been introduced, and many schools and individual faculty members subscribe to them. Even without those services, a teacher can locate a text posted on the Internet in only seconds.Not all plagiarism is deliberate. It is fatally easy to omit a citatio

7、n, fail to use quotation marks, or thoughtlessly echo the language of a source. Unintentional or careless plagiarism is especially likely to occur at two stages of the writing process-during note taking or during drafting. Especially if you are pressed for time, it is very easy to neglect to record

8、a source or to borrow language without using quotation marks. As a final step in taking notes from a source, stop to verify that you have used quotation marks appropriately and recorded the source accurately. Plagiarism that occurs during the writing phase is usually the result of carelessness. Whil

9、e writing your rough draft, meticulously check your text against each source. Be certain that you have not used phrasing from a source without putting it into quotation marks and that you have cited the sources of all borrowed material, whether it is a quotation, a paraphrase, or a summary. If you h

10、ave not used quotation marks, you have still committed plagiarism, even though you have not deliberately tried to deceive a reader. The penalty for unintentional plagiarism can be as severe as for flagrant cribbing from a book, journal article, or Internet site. 2. Defining Common KnowledgeStudents

11、are understandably puzzled by the statement that they need not cite a source for facts that are common knowledge or for opinions that are generally known and accepted. As a novice dealing with a new topic, you may feel overwhelmed because everything seems new to you. Often you can use your sources a

12、s models. When your sources provide documentation for ideas, you certainly will need to as well. However, as some facts appear without citations over and over in discussions of your topic, you will begin to recognize them as some of the generally accepted facts of that field. If you express them in

13、your own words, you ordinarily do not need to cite them. But a fact or an opinion derived from a single source requires citation. For example, there is no need to document that John E Kennedy was elected president in 1960 or that he was assassinated on 22 November 1963-even if you were unaware of th

14、ose facts before you began your research. However, any analysis of how he came to be elected or any theory of how the assassination took place needs to be credited to the originator of that idea. If you are uncertain whether an item requires documentation, the best course of action would be to talk

15、with your instructor, or simply to document the information as if it were not common knowledge.3. Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism: paraphrase, summary, and quotationPerhaps the most frequent cause of unintentional plagiarism is the careless handling of borrowed material. If you are quoting, the wo

16、rds you record must match exactly the words in your source. If you are putting the ideas in your own words, then they must be your own words, not those of the source. If you combine your own words with those of the source, those of the source must be enclosed in quotation marks. You should follow these rules when you are taking notes and when you are using those notes to write your paper. Doing so should reduce-if not eliminate entirely-the problem of accidental plag