考点42 阅读理解之议论文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过.docx
《考点42 阅读理解之议论文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考点42 阅读理解之议论文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
考点42阅读理解之议论文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过
考点46阅读理解之议论文
议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。
所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。
议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。
二、解题方法：
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。
主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。
根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。
议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。
通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。
通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。
经常出现排序题（按事情发展顺序排序），图表题（按文章内容找出正确图形），正误题（依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断）。
对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。
虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。
细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。
对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。
此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。
做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。
英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。
有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。
要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。
作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：
读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。
因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。
许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。
要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：
利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。
通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。
A
SomeEnglishwordshavemorethanonemeaning.Thesearecalledmulti-meaningwords.Multi-meaningwordshavethesamepronunciationwithdifferentmeanings.Forexample,let’slookattheword＂ball＂.Youcouldhavea＂ball＂whichmeansyouwouldhaveagoodtime.Youcouldtossa＂ball＂whichmeansyouthrowanobject.Youcouldbeonthe＂ball＂whichmeansyouknowwhatishappening.Youcouldgotoa＂ball＂whichmeansadance.
_______________Taketheword＂can＂.You＂can＂rideabikewhichmeansyouareabletorideabike.Youhavea＂can＂ofsoupwhichmeansthesoupisinaround-shapedholder.Youcandothe＂can-can＂whichisadancefromthe1920s.Andyoumightget＂canned＂ifyoudoapoorjobatwork,whichmeansyoumightloseyourjob.
Howabout＂fly＂?
Youcan＂fly＂anairplaneoryoucanhita＂fly＂thatisonyourfoodinyourhouse.Or,youcan＂flybytheseatofyourpants＂whichmeansyoudon’tmakeaplanbeforetakinganaction.And,youknowthatthe＂fly＂ofazipperisthetoppartofthezipper.
Therearehundredsofwordsthataremulti-meaningwords.Theword＂set＂hasmoremeaningsthananyotherwordintheEnglishlanguage.Whenyouhavetime,whydon’tyoutrytothinkofallthewaystheword＂set＂isused?
If,youlookatthetitleofthisbookCanaFly,Fly?
youknowthattheansweris＂Yes＂becauseyouhaveseenaninsectnameda＂fly＂goupintheairandmovearoundthroughtheairwhichiswhat＂fly＂means.CanaFly,Fly?
Ofcourse,itcan!
1.IfTomisoftenlateforworkandfailstofinishhistasks,hewill.
A.dothecan-canB.getcanned
C.beontheballD.gotoaball
2.WhichofthefollowingisthebestsentencetofillintheblankinParagraph2?
A.Let’stryanotherword.B.Let’smakeawordlist.
C.Here’sasurveyreport.D.Here’stheguessinggame.
3.Thewriterwritesthepassageinorderto______.
A.tellastoryaboutlearningEnglishwords
B.introduceabookonlearningEnglishwords
C.shareanexperienceinlearningEnglishwords
D.presentdifferentpronunciationsofthesameword
B
Smartphone,poorsight
Lookaroundandyou’llseepeoplebusyontheirsmartphones.Smartphonesdomakeourliveseasier.Buthaveyoueverthoughtaboutwhattheymeantoyoureyes?
Accordingtoastudy,halfofBritishpeopleownsmartphonesandtheyspendanaverageoftwohoursadayusingthem.Therehasbeena35%increaseinthenumberofpeopleintheUKwhosufferfromshortsightednesssincesmartphoneswereintroducedtherein1997.
Staringatsmartphonesforalongtimegivesyoudryeyes.Whenlookingatsomethinginthedistance,youreyesautomaticallyblinkacertainnumberoftimes.However,whenyoulookatthingsclosertoyourface,theblinkingslowsdown.Thisreducestheamountoftearsandcausesdiscomfortinyoureyes.Anotherbadhabitisusingsmartphonesindarkroomsbeforegoingtosleep.Ifyoulookatabrightscreenwhileyourpupilsbecomelarger,toomuchlightentersyoureyes.Thiscandoharmtotheeyesandcauseadiseasecalledglaucoma.
Whileyou’reprobablynotgoingtostopusingtoyoursmartphone,thereareafewthingsyoucandotoprotectyoureyes.Holdyourphoneatleast30continuesawayfromyoureyeswhenusingit.Takeabreakeveryhourandtrythefollowing:
lookatsomethingatleastfivemetersfromyouandthenfocusonthetipofyournose.Repeatthisseveraltimes.Itshouldreducethediscomfortinyoureyes.
1.Thearticleismainlyabout________.
A.therulestoobeywhenusingsmartphones
B.theharmthatsmartphonesdotousers’eyes
C.thereasonwhyteenagergetshortsightedness
D.advantagesanddisadvantagesofsmartphones
2.FromParagraph2,welearnthat_______.
A.halfoftheBritishpeoplebegantousesmartphones17yearsago
B.eachoftheBritishpeoplespendstwohoursadayonsmartphones
C.moreBritishpeoplehavesufferedfromshortsightednesssince1997
D.thenumberofBritishpeoplewhoownsmartphonesincreasesby35%
3.AccordingtoParagraph3,usingsmartphonesimproperlymaycause_______.
A.toomanyblinksB.moretearsintheeyes
C.smallerpupilsD.dryeyesandglaucoma
4.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedbythewriter?
A.Don’tusethephoneforoveranhourwithoutabreak.
B.Holdthephoneatlearnhalfameterawayfromtheeyes.
C.Turnoffyourphoneforacoupleofhourseveryday.
D.Lookatsomethinggreenfarawayforseveralminutes.
5.Thisarticleiswrittentoadvisepeople_______.
A.nottobuysmartphonesB.tostopusingsmartphones
C.tomakefulluseofsmartphonesD.tousesmartphonesproperly
（一）【2019•重庆市中考A卷】
Fightsatschoolsometimeshappen.Buthowcanyoukeepawayfromafight?
Here’ssomethingyoucando.
Becalm（冷静）.Sometimes,youfeelsoangrythatyoureallywanttoteachsomebodyalesson.Butbeingangrycan’tsolveproblems.Neithercanafight.Instead,itmaybringyoumoreproblems.Intheschool,everyoneinvolved（卷入）inafightwillbepunished,nomatterwhostartedit.Therearewinnersinafight.
Shoutloudly.Ifyouknowsomeoneiscomingupbehindyoutoattack,turntowardthepersonwithyourhandsupinfrontofyourbodyandloudlysay＂stop＂beforewalkingaway.Loudvoicecanusuallymaketheattackercalmdown.Ifthepersondoesn’tstop,cryforhelpbycallingoutthenameofateacherwhoseofficeisnearby.
____Yourfriendmayaskyoutojoininafight.Learntosayno.Helpinghimfightisnotreallyhelpfultohim.Ifyoureallywanttogivehimahand,trytoaskhimtogiveitup.Also,youcantellhimifhegetsinvolvedinafight,hemaygethurtandbepunished.Then,trytolearnwhyhewantsafightandhelphimfindarightwaytodealwiththeproblem.
1.Theunderlinedword＂attack＂inParagraph3means＂_________＂inChinese.
A.拥抱B.攻击C.阻止D.吸引
2.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeputinthe_________?
A.Facebravely.B.Joininafight.
C.Learntorefuse.D.Talktosomeone.
3.Thepassageiswrittento_________.
A.helpstudentskeepawayfromfightsB.warnstudentsnottofight
C.advisestudentstohelpeachotherD.encouragestudentstoworkhard
4.Thepassageiswrittenina/an_________tone（语气）.
A.sadB.angryC.seriousD.crazy
（二）【2019•浙江省金华、义乌、丽水市】
Inthepark,youseeagroupofpeople,alllookingupatthesky.Withoutthinkingaboutit,youlookupwards,too.Why?
Intheconcert,someonebeginstoclapandsuddenlythewholeroomjoinsin.Youdo,too.Why?
Sometimeswefeelweareactingcorrectlywhenwedothesameasothers.Themorepeoplefollowanidea,thebetterortruerwethinktheideais.It’sthesocialproof（社会认同感）thatworks.
ThescientistAschcarriedoutanexperiment.Itshowshowsocialproofcaninfluenceus.Inaroom,amanisshownLine1,andnexttoitarethreelines（A,B,C）.Aislonger,CisshorterandBisaslongasLine1.HemusttellwhichofthethreelinesisaslongasLine1.Whenthemanisalone,hegivesthecorrectanswerB.Then,fiveothermanentertheroom,andeachofthemgivestheanswerCastheyweretoldto.NowthemanchangeshisideaandgivestheanswerC.Aschgotthesameresultmanytimesamongdifferentsubjects（实验对象）.
Whydoweactlikethis?
Well,inthepast,followingotherswasawaytokeepawayfromdanger.Supposethat5000yearsagoyouwerehunting（打猎）withfriends.Suddenly,theyallranaway.Whatwouldyouhavedone?
Wouldyouhavestayed?
No,youwouldhaverun,too.Wearedescendants（后代）ofthosewhocopiedothers’action.Itissodeeplyplantedinourmindthatwestilluseitnow.
Socialproofhasspecialpower.Theadvertisingindustry,forexample,oftenmakesuseofit.Sobecarefulwheneveracompanysaysitsproductis＂themostpopular＂.
5.Atthebeginningofthepassage,thewriterleadsinthetopicby_________.
A.tellingastoryB.givingexamples
C.answeringquestionsD.showingamap
6.AccordingtoParagraph3,theexperimentbyAschshows_________.
A.followingothersisalwaysright
B.socialproofmaychangepeople’sideas
C.it’sdifficulttocarryouttheexperiment
D.peoplecanstudybetteriftheyarealone
7.Theunderlinedword＂I
升级会员 