现代大学词汇学概论总结.docx

现代大学词汇学概论总结.docx

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现代大学词汇学概论总结

1.Morpheme（词素）

Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitof

language,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

2.Allomorphs（词素变体）Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

3.Compounding（复合词）Compositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.

4.Derivation（词源）A.Thedefinitionofprefixation（前缀）

Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

Features:

Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-class-changingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangemeaningsofthestems.

B.Thedefinitionofsuffixation（后缀）

Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.

5.Conversion（转换）Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation（零位派生）.

Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Sincethewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,thisprocessisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.

6.AcronymyA.Thedefinitionofinitialisms

Initialisms（首字母连写法）:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.

B.Thedefinitionofacronyms

Acronyms（首字母拼音法）:

wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.

Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.

7.BlendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.

8.ClippingClipping（截短语）istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Forexample,planeandexamareoftenusedinplaceofaeroplane,andexaminationrespectively.

9.Back-formationBack-formation（逆成法）isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.

Lookatthefollowingwords,thinkaboutwhatsuffixescanbeaddedtoit:

care:

careful,careless,carefully,carelessly,carelessness

friend:

friendly,friendship

quick:

quickly,quicken,quickish,quicky

10.ReduplicationReduplication（重叠法）isaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition

（1）ofonewordlikeso-so;

（2）oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelssuchaspingpong;（3）oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonantsasinteenyweeny.

11.Motivation（理据）TypesofWordMeaning

11.1GrammaticalMeaningGrammaticalmeaning（语法意义）referstothatpartofmeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchasthewordclass,singularandpluralformsofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms（forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetting）.

11.2LexicalmeaningLexicalmeaning（词汇意义）isthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.

E.g.‘go,goes,went,gone,going’possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaning.Buttheyhavethesamelexicalmeaningexpressingtheprocessofmovement.

Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:

conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.

11.3ConceptualmeaningConceptualmeaning（概念意义）（alsoknownasdenotativemeaning）isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.

Sun:

aheavenlybodywhichgivesofflight,heat,andenergy

Mother:

afemaleparent

11.4AssociativemeaningAssociativemeaning（关联意义）isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.

Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:

A.connotativemeaningConnotativemeaning（内涵意义）

Incontrasttodenotativemeaning,connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies.

Mother（afemaleparent）isoftenassociatedwith‘love’,‘care’,‘tenderness’,‘forgiving’,etc.

Home（adwellingplace）maysuggest‘family,warmth,safety,love,convenience’,etc.‘Eastorwest,homeisbest’.

Statesmanimplies‘loyalty,devotiontopublicwelfare’;politicianimplies‘deceit,power-drunk,bragging,villainy’.

B.stylisticmeaningStylisticmeaning（文体意义）

Wordsmayhavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.

Thisstylisticdifferenceisespeciallytrueofsynonyms.Itisobservedthattherearefewwordswhichhaveboththesameconceptualmeaningandstylisticmeaning.

C.affectivemeaningAffectivemeaning（情感意义）

Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.

Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:

Appreciativeorcommendatory（褒义）:

wordsofpositiveovertonesusedtoshowappreciationorapproval.

Pejorativeorderogatory（贬义）:

wordsofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval,contemptorcriticism.

D.collocativemeaningCollocativemeaning（搭配意义）

Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.

12.PolysemyPolysemy（一词多义）canbedefinedasatermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.

Polysemicwordsaresignsofanadvancedculture.Itisalsoanessentialfeatureofalanguage’seconomyandefficiency.

Threewaysforalanguagetoexpressnewideas,newprocessesandnewproducts,etc.:

Formanewword;

Borrowawordfromotherlanguages;

Addnewmeaningstoestablishedwords.

13.HomonymyHomonyms（同形异义）:

Words,which,thoughdifferentinmeaning,arepronouncedalike,orspelledalike,orboth.

Typesofhomonyms:

Perfecthomonyms同音异义:

Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.

date/date;bear/bear;bank/bank

Homophones同音:

Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.

write/right;dear/deer;son/sun

Homographs同形异义:

Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.

lead/lead;bow/bow;tear/tear

14.Synonymy（同义关系）---semanticsimilarity

A.Absoluteorperfectsynonyms（完全同义词）:

a.wordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,I.e.bothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeaning.Suchsynonymsarerareinnaturallanguages.

b..compoundingandcomposition;

c.wordbuildingandword-formation;

d.malnutritionandundernourishment

B.Relativeorpartialsynonyms（部分同义词）:

wordswhicharesimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreeofagivenquality.Itisthistypeofsynonymsweshalldealwithhere.

15.Antonymy（反义关系）---semanticopposition

A.ContrariesContraries（相对反义词/两极反义词）

Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregradable（可分级的）.

hot,warm,cool,cold

beautiful,pretty,good-looking,plain,ugly

old-young,big-small,poor-rich

B.ComplementariesComplementaries（绝对反义词/互补反义词）

Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem（non-gradable）.

dead-alive,present-absent,male-female,true-false,approval-disapproval,capable-incapable

Prefixes:

dis-,in-,il-,ir-,im-,un-……

C.ConversivesConversives（换位反义词/关系反义词）

Thisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.

Husband-wife,employer-employee,debtor-creditor

Above-below,infrontof-behind,up-down

Buy-sell,give-receive,go-come,gain-lose

D.SemanticincompatiblesSemanticincompatibles（多项不相容词）

North,south,east,westSpring,summer,autumn,winter

January,February,March,…DecemberSunday,Monday,….Saturday

16.Hyponymy（上下义关系）---semanticinclusion

Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus（generallexicalitem）andthespecies（specificlexicalitems）.

Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate（上义词）.

Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms（下义词）.

17.Thesemanticfieldtheory（语义场理论）

Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareasorfields,themembersofwhicharejoinedtogetherbysomecommonsemanticcomponent.Thewholevocabularycanbedividedupintofields.Wordsineachfieldaresemanticallyrelatedanddefineoneanother.Vocabularyisseenas‘anintegratedsystemoflexemesinterrelatedinsense’.

------JostTrier（aGermanlinguist）

Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguages,thuslexicalgaps（词汇空缺）occur.

Thesemanticfieldofkinship