高考英语之高频考点解密十四 阅读理解之推理判断题.docx
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高考英语之高频考点解密十四阅读理解之推理判断题
解密14阅读理解之推理判断题
推理判断题属于主观题,是层次较高的设题。
它包括判断和推理题。
这两类题常常相互依存,推理是为了得出正确的判断,正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。
推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上,做出一定判断和推论,从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。
推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话,也可是某几句话,但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据,既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理,也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。
所以,推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案:
即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。
常见的题干有:
1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat…
2.Wecanconcludethat…
3.Whenthewritertalksabout...,whathereallymeansisthat…
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看,推理判断题所占的比例大概在7%-10%,一般可以归纳为五大题型:
细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。
下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析:
题型一细节推断题:
常见的设问方式:
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassage/textthat_________.
Theauthormainlysuggeststhat________.
Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_______.
Thewriterimpliesbutnotdirectlystates_______.
Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutnewspapers?
细节判断题属于深层理解题,要求根据语篇内容,推断具体细节。
做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系,理解文章的真正含义,要忠实于原文,千万不能主观臆断,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
干扰项特点:
1.文章中直接用于表达细节的信息
2.文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论
3.与文章内容完全相反的结论
4.不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。
解题技巧
1.要全面分析所有相关信息,切忌片面思考,得出片面结论。
2.要忠实原文,切忌脱离原文,凭空臆断。
3.注意不要选择表层信息答案,应该立足由已知推断未知。
(2019·浙江卷,A)
ZachariahFikehasanunusualhobby.Hefindsoldmilitary(军队的)medalsforsaleinantiquestoresandontheInternet.Butunlikemostcollectors,Zactracksdownthemedals’rightfulowners,andreturnsthem.
HisefforttoreunitefamilieswithlostmedalsbeganwithaChristmasgiftfromhismother,aPurpleHeartwiththenameCorradoA.G.Piccoli,foundinanantiqueshop.ZacknowsthemeaningofaPurpleHeart-heearnedonehimselfinawarasasoldier.Sowhenhismothergavehimthemedal,heknewrightawaywhathehadtodo.
ThroughtheInternet,ZactrackeddownCorrado’ssisterAdelineRockko.Butwhenhefinallyreachedher,thewomanfloodedhimwithquestions:
"Whoareyou?
Whatantiqueshop?
"However,whenshehungup,sheregrettedthewayshehadhandledthecall.SoshecalledZacbackandapologized.SoonshedrovetomeetZacinWatertown,N.Y."Atthatpoint,Iknewshemeantbusiness,"Zacsays."Todriveeighthourstocometoseeme."
ThePiccolisgrewupthechildrenofItalianimmigrantsinWatertown.Corrado,atranslatorfortheArmyduringWWII,waskilledinactioninEurope.
BeforehearingfromZac,Adelinehadn’trealizedthemedalwasmissing.Likemanymilitarymedals,theoneZac’smotherhadfoundwasafamilytreasure."Thismedalwasveryprecioustomyparents.Onlyonspecialoccasions(场合)wouldtheytakeitoutandletusholditinourhands,"Adelinesays.
Asachild,Adelinecouldn'tunderstandwhythemedalwassosignificant.“ButasIgrewolder,”Adelinesays,"andmissedmybrothermoreandmore,Irealizedthatwastheonlythingwehadleft."CorradoPiccoli’sPurpleHeartmedalnowhangsattheItalianAmericanCivicAssociationinWatertown.
ZacrecentlyreturnedanotherlostmedaltoafamilyinAlabama.SincehefirstreunitedCorrado’smedal,Zacsayshisrecordisnow5for5.
22.WhatdidZacrealizewhenAdelinedrovetomeethim?
A.Shewasveryimpolite.
B.Shewasseriousaboutthemedal.
C.Shesuspectedhishonesty.
D.Shecamefromawealthyfamily.
23.WhatmadeAdelinetreasurethePurpleHeart?
A.Herparents’advice.
B.Herknowledgeofantiques.
C.Herchildhooddream.
D.Hermemoryofherbrother.
【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。
ZachariahFike有一个不同寻常的业余爱好:
他在网上和古董店里寻找旧的军队勋章,然后将这些勋章归还它们的合法主人。
文章主要叙述了他这一爱好的起源。
22.B【解析】推理判断题。
根据第三段中的“Todriveeighthourstocometoseeme”可以推知,Adeline为了那枚PurpleHeart开车八个小时来见Zac,由此可知,她对于这件事是认真地。
因此,Atthatpoint,Iknewshemeantbusiness应该指的是Zac意识到Adeline对这枚勋章是认真的。
故B选项正确。
23.D【解析】推理判断题。
根据第四段中的“Corrado,atranslator…waskilledinactioninEurope”和倒数第三段中的“asIgrewolder…andmissedmybrothermoreandmore,Irealizedthatwastheonlythingwehadleft”这枚勋章寄托了Adeline对于去世的哥哥Corrado的回忆和思念,这是他们家留下的唯一关于哥哥的东西了。
因此她很珍惜这枚勋章。
故D选项正确。
题型二预测推断题:
常见的设问方式:
Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenwhen/if…?
Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite_______.
Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybeabout_______.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?
有些内容文章中没有明确说明,这就要求考生根据语篇内容,对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行预测、推断。
作这类题时考生应准确把握作者的写作思路,从而作出比较准确的、合情合理的猜测。
解题技巧
In1971wewerelivinginWichita,Kansas—Lincolnwasaboutseven,BrendanwasthreeandKristenwasababy.Momwasstayingwithusduringtheholidays.OnChristmasEveIstayedupverylate.Iwastotallyalonewithmythoughts,alternatingbetweenjoyandsorrow,andIgottothinkaboutmypaperroute(送报),thattree,whatmymotherhadsaidtomeandhowdadhadtriedtomakethingsbetter.
IheardanoiseinthekitchenanddiscoveredthatitwasMom.Shecouldn’tsleepeitherandhadgottenuptomakeherselfacupofhotteawhichmadeherfeelbetter.Asshewaitedforthewatertoboil,shewalkedintothelivingroomanddiscoveredmethere.ShesawmyopenBibleandaskedmewhatIwasreading.WhenItoldher,sheaskedifIwouldreadittoherandIdid.
Whenthekettlebegantowhistle,shewentandmadehertea.Shecameback.ItoldherhowhappyIwasthatshewaswithusforChristmasandhowIwishedthatDadcouldhavelivedtoseehisgrandchildrenandtoenjoythistimebecausehealwayslovedChristmassomuch.Shewentveryquietforamomentandthenshesaid,"DoyourememberthattimeonTwelveMileRoadwhenyouboughtthattreewithyourpaperroutemoney?
"
"Yes,"Isaid,"I’vejustbeenthinkingaboutityouknow."
Shehesitatedforalongmoment,asthoughsomethingwasbottledupsodeeplyinsidehersoulthatitmighttakecouragetogetitout.Finally,greattearsrolleddownherfaceandshecried,"Oh,son,pleaseforgiveme.ThattimeandthatChristmashavebeenaburdenonmyheartfortwenty-fiveyears.IwishyourdadwereheresoIcouldtellhimhowsorryIamforwhatIsaid."
Whatislikelytobedescribedinthenextparagraph?
A.HowtheywouldcelebratetheChristmas.
B.Howtheauthor’sfathersupportedthefamily.
C.Whathappenedtotheauthor’sparentsinthepast.
D.Thereasonfortheauthor’sparents’divorce.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。
我和三个孩子以及我的母亲居住在一起。
圣诞前夜,我熬夜未睡,意外发现母亲也未入睡,当我们回忆往事时,她失声痛哭。
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。
根据最后一段母亲所说的话"ThattimeandthatChristmashavebeenaburdenonmyheartfortwenty-fiveyears.IwishyourdadwereheresoIcouldtellhimhowsorryIamforwhatIsaid"可推知,母亲想起了以前圣诞节的事,对自己所做的事感到难过;据此可以判断,下文将叙述发生在作者父母身上的故事,故C项正确。
题型三文章来源或读者对象题:
常见的设问方式:
Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_______.
Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________.
Whereisthepassagemostlikelyfrom?
文章来源或读者对象推断题要求考生具备一定的常识。
因此考生本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、操作指南等有基本的了解,这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出答案。
(2019·全国卷I,C)
Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.
ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:
asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.
Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.
Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.
31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?
A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。
数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,目前,向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,而且这项技术也不贵。
31.D【解析】推理判断题。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是关于科技,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自于一本杂志。
故选D。
题型四写作意图推断题:
常见的设问方式:
Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?
Thepurposeofthetextistogetmorepeopleto_______.
Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat________.
Thefact…ismentionedbytheauthortoshow________.
Theauthorwritersthelastparagraphinorderto________.
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。
作者一般不直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。
这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
一般来说,我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点,理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。
(2019·北京卷·D)
Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.
Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.
Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,