八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类.docx
《八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类.docx(52页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类
考点2科普研究类
1.(2017新课标Ⅰ)
Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area
sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.
Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.
Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.
Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.
32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?
A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable.
33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?
A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.
34.What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?
A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.
C.Weightthesheet’scenterdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.
35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform.
A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole
C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet
2.(2017新课标Ⅱ)
Whenaleafyplantisunderattack¸itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983¸twoscientists¸JackSchultzandIanBaldwin¸reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds¸V0Csforshort.
ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutV0Cswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?
Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.
Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.0ncetheyarrive¸thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.
Instudyafterstudy¸itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant¸buttheneighbors¸relativelyspeaking¸staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.
Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?
Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches¸andso¸ineffect¸wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged¸butitwasn’tatrue¸intentionalbackandforth.
CharlesDarwin¸over150yearsago¸imaginedaworldfarbusier¸noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.0ursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.
32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?
A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.
C.ItstandsquietlyD.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.
33.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?
A.Theattackersgetattacked.
B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.
C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.
D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.
34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.
A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsects
C.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary
35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
A.Thewordischangingfasterthanever.
B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore
C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems
D.PeopleinDarwin’stimeweremoreimaginative.
3.(2017新课标Ⅲ)
TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.
Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.
Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:
“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”
“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”
DrAmyGuo¸theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains,“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.
“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.
“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”
32.WhatisthepurposeoftheDrivelAB?
A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.
B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.
C.Tofindoutolderdriver`sproblems.
D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.
33.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?
A.Itkeepsthemindependent.
B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.
C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.
D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.
34.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?
A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.
B.Developdriver-assisttechnologies.
C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.
D.0rganizeregularphysicalcheckups.
35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.AnewModelElectricCar
B.ASolutiontoTrafficProblem
C.DrivingServiceforelders
D.Keeping0lderDriversontheRoad
4.(2017北京)
Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener¸whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论)¸putitthisway:
“Ifweuse¸toachieveourpurposes¸amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预)¸wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality¸onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine¸thisqualityisnotin-born¸norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee¸itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful¸then¸wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined¸superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown¸withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall¸usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately¸thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans¸letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand¸asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.0therssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossib