八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类.docx

1、八年高考英语真题分类专项考点2科普研究类考点2 科普研究类1 （2017新课标）A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available Developed by two doctors in the U S Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector Unfortunately, you must car

2、ry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes The only components required, though, are a sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container perhaps just a drinking cup to catch the water These pieces can be folded into

3、 a neat little pack and fastened on your belt To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole Then lay the tube in

4、 place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-

5、degree-angled sides The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material a

6、nd fall off into the cup When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink 32 What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A Its delicate B Its expensive C Its complex D Its por

7、table 33 What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A The tube B The still C The hole D The cup 34 Whats the last step of constructing a working solar still?A Dig a hole of a certain size B Put the cup in place C Weight the sheets center down D Cover the hole with th

8、e plastic sheet 35 When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form A the plastic tube B outside the holeC the open air D beneath the sheet2 （2017新课标）When a leafy plant is under attackit doesnt sit quietly Back in 1983two scientistsJack Schultz and Ian Baldwinreported that young maple

9、 trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compoundsV0Cs for short Scientists ha

10、ve found that all kinds of plants give out V0Cs when being attacked Its a plants way of crying out But is anyone listening? Apparently Because we can watch the neighbors react Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away But others do double duty They pump out perfumes designed to attr

11、act different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers 0nce they arrivethe tables are turned The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch In study after studyit appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors The damage is usually more serious on the first plantbut the neighb

12、orsrelatively speakingstay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches and so in effect was talking to itself Perhaps the neighbor

13、s just happened to “overhear” the cry So information was exchangedbut it wasnt a trueintentional back and forth Charles Darwin over 150 years ago imagined a world far busier noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear 0ur senses are weak Theres a whole lot going on 32 What does

14、 a plant do when it is under attack?A It makes noises B It gets help from other plants C It stands quietly D It sends out certain chemicals 33 What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A The attackers get attacked B The insects gather under the table C The plants get ready

15、to fight back D The perfumes attract natural enemies 34 Scientists find from their studies that plants can A predict natural disasters B protect themselves against insectsC talk to one another intentionally D help their neighbors when necessary35 what can we infer from the last paragraph?A The word

16、is changing faster than ever B People have stronger senses than beforeC The world is more complex than it seemsD People in Darwins time were more imaginative 3 （2017新课标）The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in ord

17、er to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive Led by Professor Phil

18、 Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations Phil Blythe explains： “For many older people

19、, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others ”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoidin

20、g any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills The result is that people stop driving before they really need to ”Dr Amy Guothe leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and di

21、fficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to brea

22、k the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel ”32 What is the purpose of the

23、Drivel AB?A To explore new means of transport B To design new types of cars C To find out older drivers problems D To teach people traffic rules 33 Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A It keeps them independent B It helps them save time C It builds up their strength D

24、 It cures their mental illnesses 34 What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A Improve their driving skills B Develop driver-assist technologies C Provide tips on repairing their cars D 0rganize regular physical checkups 35 What is the best title for the text?A A new Model Electric CarB A So

25、lution to Traffic ProblemC Driving Service for eldersD Keeping 0lder Drivers on the Road4 （2017北京）Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely goo

26、d at achieving something other than what we really want In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论） put it this way： “If we useto achieve our purposesa mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预)we had better be quite sur

27、e that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire ”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality one that we usually associate with living things： a wish to preserve its own existence For the machine this quality is not in-born nor is it something introduced by hu

28、mans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who m

29、ight interfere with its task If we are not careful then we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own with the real world as the chessboard The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentra

30、te the minds of computer scientists Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world Unfortunately that plan seems unlikely to work： we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure

31、 against ordinary humans let alone super intelligent machines Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines But the problem should not be dismissed out of handas it has been by some AI researchers Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans 0thers say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possib