青少年吸烟行为与家庭各因素压力自尊及人格的相关研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

青少年吸烟行为与家庭各因素压力自尊及人格的相关研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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青少年吸烟行为与家庭各因素压力自尊及人格的相关研究毕业论文外文翻译

ResearchonRelationsamongAdolescence'sSmokingBehavior,

FamilyFactors,Stress,Self-esteemandPersonality

AbstractSmokingbehaviorisasignthatadolescencebeginproblembehavior.Smokingbehaviorisoftenassociatedwithotherkindsofproblembehaviorandisharmtohealthdevelopmentofadolescence.Figuresofrecentsurveyhaveshownthatinmanycountysmokingprevalenceamongyoungpeopleincreasedrapidly,manyresearcherspayattentiontothecase,manyresearchesonadolescence'ssmokingbehaviorareseenineducationalandpsychologicalfield.

Differentresearchesdefinesmokingbehaviorindifferentways.Thissubjectresearchessmokingbehaviorfromtwoaspects:

smokinghabitandsmokingquantity.Thesubjectalsoresearchessomefactorsassociatedwithadolescentsmokingbehaviorfromtwoaspects:

oneisoutsidecircumstancethatisinvolvedinfamilylife,theotherispersonalfactorsthatincludeperceivedstress,self-esteemandpersonality.Thesubjectdoesthistoexplorewhichfactorisconnectedwithsmokingbehavior.Asaresult,thestudymakessomesuggestionforsmokingcessioninadolescent.Finally,theresultsofmultiplelinearregressionshowthatsex,parentsmoking,stressandpsychoticismisindependentlyrelatedwithadolescentsmokingbehavior.

Youthhasbecometheworld'srapidlygrowinggroupofconsumersofcigarettes.Smokingbehaviorofyoungpeopleisdirectlyrelatedtoitsadultsmokingbehavior,themajorityofadultsmokersarestartingfromayoungageandformedasmokinghabit.Fortheseriousnessofyouthsmoking,scholarshavestartedonthisissuealotofresearch. Atpresent,theproblemofyouthsmokingresearchinthefollowingtwoaspects:

whetherthefactorsthatledtothesmokingbehaviorofyoungpeople?

Howtopreventyoungpeoplesmoking?

Aproblemafteraquestionbeforetheresearch-based,sotheimpactfactorsofyouthsmokingisincreasinglybecomingthefocusofresearch.Somestudiessuggestthattheparentswithinthefamily,environmentalfactorsaffectthesmokingbehaviorofadolescents,somestudiessuggestthatsocialimpactofexternalenvironmentonsmokingbehaviorofadolescents,somestudiessuggestthatadolescentsmokingbehaviorisdeterminedbyitsindividual causedbyinternalfactors.However,thefactorsthatinfluenceyouthsmokingbehavioritselfiscomplex,researchinthisareastillcontinuetoexplorethestage,thereisnotacompletetheoreticalsystemandaunifiedqualitativeconclusions. 

Youthsmokingisaserioussocialproblem,causedbytheproblemsofyoungsmokershasbecomethefocusofthecommunity,howtopreventandreduceyouthsmokingbehaviorisanurgentneedtoaddresstheproblem. Peoplesmokeinlifeitselfisaninvisiblekiller,smokingcancausecancerandothermalignantdiseases,andadolescentsareatanimportantperiodofphysicalgrowth. Smokingbehaviorofyoungpeoplewillenablethemtoproduceaseriesofproblembehavior,suchassmoking,drinkingandevensuicide,theexistingresearchonyouthsmokingbehaviorofadolescentsmokingbehaviorwiththatmanybad consequencessuchaspoorschoolperformance,badbehaviorinschool,donotwanttogotoschool,problembehavior（kieiman,etal,1988）. Theseyoungpeoplearenodoubtagreatimpactonphysicalandmentalhealth. Inaddition,youngpeopleareinlifeandworldviewformedduringaproblembehaviorduringthisperiod,willseriouslyendangertheirmentalhealthdevelopment. 

Fromthesmokingbehaviorofyoungpeopleandsmokingtwoaspectsoffamilyandyouthsmoking-relatedenvironmentalfactors,parentalfactors,tounderstandthestresslevels,self-esteem,personalitytendenciescharacteristics,andanalysisofyouthsmoking internalmechanismofsmokingbehavior,andpromotethehealthydevelopmentofyoungpeoplethepositivefactors,negativefactorsonthegrowthofyoungpeopletoresisttheimpact.

1.familystructure and therelationshipbetween youthsmoking

Overthepastfewdecadesthesocialconditionsinmanycountriesimportantchangeshavetakenplace,oneofwhichislivinginsingle-parentfamiliesandstep-parentfamiliesintherapidlygrowingnumberofchildren.Withdivorceandremarriageratesinsocietyisgrowing,borninincompletefamiliesofchildrenisalsoincreasing.Afterinvestigation,in1998youngpeopleaged11toexperiencea1Snumberofparentsdivorcedtwicein1978（Summerfield&Matheson,2000）.

Worthnotingthatthesegrowinsingle-parentfamiliesorstep-parentfamilieswithchildrenthanotherchildrenthesameagemayexperiencemoreadversefactors.First,theaverageincomeofsingleparentfamiliesandaveragehouseholdincomethantheaveragethreetimeslower（Eurostat,2000）.Thesestudiesalsofoundthatstep-parents/singleparentfamiliesoftenhavealotofyoungpeopleinanegativewayoflife,suchanegativewayoflifeandamongyoungpeopleiscloselyrelatedtounhealthylife.Inaddition,

Wecanlearnfromthesocialandculturalpointofviewtoexplorethisissue,usually,fromyoungfamiliesdonotcompletetheincidenceofproblembehaviorisfarhigherthanthegeneralyouth,suchasthesechildrenrarelyinschool,lifeShowedgoodquality,intheearlydays,theyusuallyhavehigherabsenteeismratesandtruancyratesinthemaremorepronetodeviantbehaviorandproblembehavior,suchascriminalbehavior,runningawayfromhomeandclosecontactwiththehealthofsomeoftheactsIssues,suchassmoking（Sweeting,West,&Richards,1998）.LikemanyWesterncountriesstudieshavefoundyoungpeoplefromnon-intactfamilieshavehighersmokingrates（Isohanni,Moilanen&Rantakallio,1991;Goddard&Higgins,1999;Tyas&Pederson,1998;Shakib,Mouttapa,Johnson,2003）。

Butthereisstilldebatethisquestion:

donotcompleteafullfamilyandbetweenfamiliescausedbythedifferencereallyisamajorfactorinyouthsmoking,andifso,why?

This,thereisnoconsistent andreliableanswers. Dornbuschandhiscolleaguesbelievethatthereasonyoungpeoplefromsingle-parentfamiliesmorelikelytosmokebecauseofthelackofparentalmonitoringandsocio-emotionalsupport（Dornbusch,1991）. AnAmericanscholaronthehealthbehaviorofyoungpeopleaged12-16studieshaveshownthatsmokingbehaviorofyoungpeopleandotherbadbehaviorandtheirparentsunderstandthe,thosewhobelievethatparentsareconcernedaboutyoungloveandunderstandtheirpreferred havefewersmokingbehavior,andthatparentsignoretheirsmokingbehaviorofyoungpeopletohavemore（Foxcroft&Lowe,1991）. YouthSmokingandtherelationshipbetweenfamilyenvironmentisstillincontinuousimprovementamongyouthsmokingbyotherfamilyfactors,includingalienationbetweenparentsandchildrenmightbeindifferentbetweentheprimaryfactor. Someofthefamilysimplydividedintoaparentortwoparents,theproblemthisdichotomyistoosimplistic,separation,divorce,parentaldeathcanresultinfamilybreakdown. Someothersingle-parentfamiliesandotheradultslivingtogether,whileothersarenotsingle-parentfamilies（Hoffman,1995）. AmericanpsychologistHoffman,throughitsresearchprovidesastepmodel,thismodeldescribesthesingle-parentfamilieswhocamefrom 

Howyoungpeopletooktotheroadsmoking. Thefirststep,theparentsdivorcedorlivingwiththeirparentswillbereducedfollowingtheyouthandfamilylinks,includingcommunicationandemotionsfromotherfamilysupport;thesecondstep,loosefamilytiesandlessfamilyinterferenceincreased childrenandotheryoungpeoplesmokingordrugusecontact;thethirdstep,theabovetwofactorscombinedtomakeyoungpeoplethepossibilityofsmokingordrugusegreatlyincreased. 

Incontrastwiththeseresults,somestudiesfoundthatfamilystructurehasnothingtodowithyouthsmokingbehavior. Dunhamandothers,suchas11-14year-oldsinthesurveystudyfoundthatfamilystructureonyouthsmokingbehaviorisnotobvious,theywillintroducetheirresearchinfamilyrelations,familyrelationsonadolescentsmokingfound behaviorhasadirectimpactandtheeffectofregulationbytheagevariable（Sokl,Katc,1997）.Farelletal（1992）pointedoutthattheimpactoffamilystructureisnotthemainreasonforyouthsmoking,youthsmokingmainlyaffectedfamilies status,parentalsmoking,parentaleducationlevelandothereffects. Orfamilystructurebysocialsupport,self-psychologicalfactorsofadolescentadjustment（Miller,1997）. AndGriesbach（2003）,whodevotedsevencountriesontheEuropeancross-culturalresearch,theresultsinalmostallcountriesinthefamilystructureasanindependentfactoraffectingyouthsmokingbehavior,itisnotwhereyoungfamilies economicconditions,parentalsmoking,genderandotherfactors,buttheirstudyalsofoundthatoneofthecountry'sfamilystructureandadolescentsmoking 

Smokingbehaviordoesnothavesignificantcorrelation. Intheothersixcountries,youngpeoplesmokingandstep-parentfamilyenvironmentwassignificantlyrelated,andallcountries,single-parentfamiliesthantherateofyouthsmokinginthefullfamilyrateofyouthsmoking. Glending,Shucksmith&Hendtry（1997）foundthatdailysmokers,thestep-parentfamilieshadthehighestyouthsmokingrates,followedbyyoungsingle-parentfamily,andcompletethelowestsmokingrateofyoungfamilies . AndSweeting,West&Richards（1998）ofdailysmokersandoccasionalsmokersinthestudyreachedtheoppositeconclusion. 

Althoughtherelationshipbetweenfamilystructureandsmokingarenotconsistent,butmoststudiesagreethatfamilystructureistheresultofincompleteanimportantfactorinyouthsmoking,andotherinconsistenciesintheconclusionsmayhaveitsgeographicalandmethodologicalproblems.

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