1、青少年吸烟行为与家庭各因素压力自尊及人格的相关研究 毕业论文外文翻译Research on Relations among Adolescences Smoking Behavior,Family Factors, Stress, Self-esteem and PersonalityAbstract Smoking behavior is a sign that adolescence begin problem behavior. Smoking behavior is often associated with other kinds of problem behavior and is
2、 harm to health development of adolescence. Figures of recent survey have shown that in many county smoking prevalence among young people increased rapidly, many researchers pay attention to the case, many researches on adolescences smoking behavior are seen in educational and psychological field.Di
3、fferent researches define smoking behavior in different ways. This subject researches smoking behavior from two aspects: smoking habit and smoking quantity. The subject also researches some factors associated with adolescent smoking behavior from two aspects: one is outside circumstance that is invo
4、lved in family life, the other is personal factors that include perceived stress, self-esteem and personality. The subject does this to explore which factor is connected with smoking behavior. As a result, the study makes some suggestion for smoking cession in adolescent.Finally, the results of mult
5、iple linear regression show that sex, parent smoking,stress and psychoticism is independently related with adolescent smoking behavior.Youth has become the worlds rapidly growing group of consumers of cigarettes.Smoking behavior of young people is directly related to its adult smoking behavior, the
6、majority of adult smokers are starting from a young age and formed a smoking habit.For the seriousness of youth smoking, scholars have started on this issue a lot of research.At present, the problem of youth smoking research in the following two aspects: whether the factors that led to the smoking b
7、ehavior of young people? How to prevent young people smoking? A problem after a question before the research-based,so the impact factors of youth smoking is increasingly becoming the focus of research.Some studies suggest that the parents within the family, environmental factors affect the smoking b
8、ehavior of adolescents, some studies suggest that social impact of external environment on smoking behavior of adolescents, some studies suggest that adolescent smoking behavior is determined by its individualcaused by internal factors.However, the factors that influence youth smoking behavior itsel
9、f is complex, research in this area still continue to explore the stage, there is not a complete theoretical system and a unified qualitative conclusions.Youth smoking is a serious social problem, caused by the problems of young smokers has become the focus of the community, how to prevent and reduc
10、e youth smoking behavior is an urgent need to address the problem.People smoke in life itself is an invisible killer, smoking can cause cancer and other malignant diseases, and adolescents are at an important period of physical growth.Smoking behavior of young people will enable them to produce a se
11、ries of problem behavior, such as smoking, drinking and even suicide, the existing research on youth smoking behavior of adolescent smoking behavior with that many badconsequences such as poor school performance, bad behavior in school, do not want to go to school, problem behavior (kieiman, et al,
12、1988).These young people are no doubt a great impact on physical and mental health.In addition, young people are in life and world view formed during a problem behavior during this period, will seriously endanger their mental health development.From the smoking behavior of young people and smoking t
13、wo aspects of family and youth smoking-related environmental factors, parental factors, to understand the stress levels, self-esteem, personality tendencies characteristics, and analysis of youth smokinginternal mechanism of smoking behavior, and promote the healthy development of young people the p
14、ositive factors, negative factors on the growth of young people to resist the impact.1.family structureandthe relationship betweenyouth smokingOver the past few decades the social conditions in many countries important changes have taken place, one of which is living in single-parent families and st
15、ep-parent families in the rapidly growing number of children. With divorce and remarriagerates in society is growing, born in incomplete families of children is also increasing.After investigation, in 1998 young people aged 11 to experience a 1S number ofparents divorced twice in 1978 (Summerfield &
16、 Matheson, 2000).Worth noting that these grow in single-parent families or step-parent families withchildren than other children the same age may experience more adverse factors. First,the average income of single parent families and average household income than the average three times lower (Euros
17、tat, 2000). These studies also found that step-parents /single parent families often have a lot of young people in a negative way of life, such a negative way of life and among young people is closely related to unhealthy life. In addition, We can learn from the social and cultural point of view to
18、explore this issue, usually, fromyoung families do not complete the incidence of problem behavior is far higher than the general youth, such as these children rarely in school, life Showed good quality, in theearly days, they usually have higher absenteeism rates and truancy rates in them are more p
19、rone to deviant behavior and problem behavior, such as criminal behavior,running away from home and close contact with the health of some of the acts Issues, such as smoking (Sweeting, West, & Richards, 1998). Like many Western countriesstudies have found young people from non-intact families have h
20、igher smoking rates( Isohanni, Moilanen &Rantakallio, 1991;Goddard&Higgins, 1999; Tyas&Pederson,1998; Shakib, Mouttapa,Johnson, 2003)。But there is still debate this question: do not complete a full family and between families caused by the difference really is a major factor in youth smoking, and if
21、 so, why? This, there is no consistentand reliable answers.Dornbusch and his colleagues believe that the reason young people from single-parent families more likely to smoke because of the lack of parental monitoring and socio-emotional support (Dornbusch, 1991).An American scholar on the health beh
22、avior of young people aged 12-16 studies have shown that smoking behavior of young people and other bad behavior and their parents understand the, those who believe that parents are concerned about young love and understand their preferredhave fewer smoking behavior, and that parents ignore their sm
23、oking behavior of young people to have more (Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991).Youth Smoking and the relationship between family environment is still in continuous improvement among youth smoking by other family factors, including alienation between parents and children might be indifferent between the primary
24、 factor.Some of the family simply divided into a parent or two parents, the problem this dichotomy is too simplistic, separation, divorce, parental death can result in family breakdown.Some other single-parent families and other adults living together, while others are not single-parent families (Ho
25、ffman, 1995).American psychologist Hoffman, through its research provides a step model, this model describes the single-parent families who came fromHow young people took to the road smoking.The first step, the parents divorced or living with their parents will be reduced following the youth and fam
26、ily links, including communication and emotions from other family support; the second step, loose family ties and less family interference increasedchildren and other young people smoking or drug use contact; the third step, the above two factors combined to make young people the possibility of smok
27、ing or drug use greatly increased.In contrast with these results, some studies found that family structure has nothing to do with youth smoking behavior.Dunham and others, such as 11-14 year-olds in the survey study found that family structure on youth smoking behavior is not obvious, they will intr
28、oduce their research in family relations, family relations on adolescent smoking foundbehavior has a direct impact and the effect of regulation by the age variable (Sokl, Katc, 1997). Farell et al (1992) pointed out that the impact of family structure is not the main reason for youth smoking, youth
29、smoking mainly affected familiesstatus, parental smoking, parental education level and other effects.Or family structure by social support, self-psychological factors of adolescent adjustment (Miller, 1997).And Griesbach (2003), who devoted seven countries on the European cross-cultural research, th
30、e results in almost all countries in the family structure as an independent factor affecting youth smoking behavior, it is not where young familieseconomic conditions, parental smoking, gender and other factors, but their study also found that one of the countrys family structure and adolescent smok
31、ingSmoking behavior does not have significant correlation.In the other six countries, young people smoking and step-parent family environment was significantly related, and all countries, single-parent families than the rate of youth smoking in the full family rate of youth smoking.Glending, Shucksm
32、ith & Hendtry (1997) found that daily smokers, the step-parent families had the highest youth smoking rates, followed by young single-parent family, and complete the lowest smoking rate of young families.And Sweeting, West & Richards (1998) of daily smokers and occasional smokers in the study reache
33、d the opposite conclusion.Although the relationship between family structure and smoking are not consistent, but most studies agree that family structure is the result of incomplete an important factor in youth smoking, and other inconsistencies in the conclusions may have its geographical and methodological problems.2. par
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