自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx

自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx

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自考英语国家概况汇总版

knkk　Chapter1　LandandPeople

一、本章知识点

　　1.重点：

　①DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts

　　2.难点、考点：

①Britain’sofficialname　　②BritishCommonwealth

　　三、课本内容

（一）DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts

　　Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandareallgeographicalnames.

　　.（seemapofUK）.

　　2.★,sopeoplejustsayBritain,.

　　（UK）capital:

London

　　TheRepublicofIreland爱尔兰共和国hasbeenanindependentrepublicsince1949anditscapitalisDublin.

　　:

England,Scotland,,mostpopulousandrichest,sopeopletendtouse“England”and“English”whentheymean“Britain”and“British”.

　　大英帝国:

onefourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthoftheworld’slandarea.

　　.★如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.

（二）Others

　　GeographicalFeatures

　　（）

　　TaiwanStrait：

台湾海峡

　　2.“Chunnel”:

channel+tunnel,openedtotrafficin1994.（）

　　Smog:

smoke+fog　　Mortel:

motor+hotel　　Kidult:

kid+adult

　　:

BenNevis,1,343minScotland.（）

　　Thelongestriver:

theSevernRiver（338km）

　　Thesecondlargestandmostimportantriver:

theThamesRiver（336km）（）

　　%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.（）

　　盎格鲁撒克逊人,buttheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts凯尔特人.（）

　　四、总结　　①Britain’sofficialname　　②BritishCommonwealth

Chapter2　TheOriginsofaNation（5000BC–AD1066）

一、本章知识点

　　1.重点：

①ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts　②BasisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons　③TheVikingandDanishinvasions　④KingAlfredandhiscontributions　⑤TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences

　　2.难点、考点：

①theAnglo-Saxons:

Heptarchy七王国;foundationoftheEnglishstate　②KingAlfred　③NormanConquest

　　　三、课本内容

（一）ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts（）

　　,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany

　　——盖尔人,about600BC;布列吞人,400BC,（Britain）;比利其人,150BC,（Belgium）.　Gaelic：

盖尔语

　　,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.

　　:

Druidism:

TheCelts’.

　　（55BC–AD410）　:

（Londinium）.

（二）BasisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons（）

　　,threeTeutonictribes:

Jutes朱特人（fromsouthernDenmark）,Saxons,andAngles（bothfromnorthernGermany）;AnglesweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.

　　2.★Heptarchy七王国——sevenprincipalkingdomssetupbytheAnglo-Saxons:

Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MarciaandNorthumbria.（英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy：

君主制TheAnglo-Saxontribes部落wereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.

　,Egbert伯特becameanoverlordofalltheEnglish.

　日耳曼人的religion:

Tiu—war,Woden—heaven,Thor—Storms,Freya—Peace

　奥古斯丁——thefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.坎特伯雷大教主

　6.★Anglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate:

dividethecountryintoshires（郡）,latercounties;thenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem（三田轮作）;manorial庄园system;Witan（议会）（councilormeetingofthewisemen,贤人会议）,thebasisofthePrivyCouncil枢密院whichstillexiststoday.

（三）TheVikingandDanishinvasions（）

NorwegianVikingsandDanesfromDenmark挪威海盗和丹麦人

“Danelaw”（丹麦法区）,thenorthandeastofEngland.

theDanishLeader,.

（四）KingAlfredandhiscontributions

（871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）

2.★hiscontributions:

“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”;reorganizedthefyrd英国民兵（theSaxonarmy）;translatedintoEnglishBede’sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople;establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.

3.“AlfredtheGreat”

（五）TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences（）

knownas“theConfessor”,wasfarmoreNormanthanSaxon心向着诺曼第人（法国）,而不是撒克逊人（英国）.

　　:

theKingofNorway,theDukeofNormandy,TostigandHarold（twobrothersofEdward’sQueen）;4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟

　　因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败

　　.

　　:

thebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory;thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最着明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度.

　　四、总结:

　历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：

Celts,（Romans）Anglo-Saxons,Viking/Dales,andNormans

Chapter3theshapingofthenation1066-1381

本章知识点

1重点:

1England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror;2ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter;3OriginsoftheEnglishParliament;4TheHundredYears’WarwithFranceanditsconsequences;5ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath;

2难点\考点:

Englishfeudalism:

Domesdaybook<土地清帐册>;GreatCharter;EnglishParliament;

3课本内容

i.England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror

,男爵largeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’sproduce.

Thebaronsparceledout分配landtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.

★Classstructure等级结构:

theking;barons-tenants-in-chief;lessernobles,knights,andfreemen;villains\serfs

（补充:

baron’soathofallegiance誓词fortheking:

“wewhoareasgoodasyousweartoyou,whoarenobetterthanwe,toacceptyouasourkingandsovereignlordprovidedyouobserveallourstatutesandlaws;ifnot,no.”国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.）

2.ReplacetheWitanwiththeGrandCouncil（大会议）

WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-SaxonKings,withtheGrandCouncilofhisnewtenants-in-chief,onwhichtheywererequiredtoservewhensummoned.

3.★DomesdayBook:

recordoflands,tenants,andtheirpossessions,.（末日审判书）

Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessionsandtodiscoverhowmuchtheycouldbecalledupontopaybywayoftaxes,WilliamsenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBookbecauseitseemedtotheEnglishnotunliketheBookofDoomtobeusedbythegreatestfeudallordofallonJudgmentDay.

注:

.

4.HenryⅡ,founderofthePlantagenetdynasty（金雀花王朝）,ruledfor35years.

Henry,founderoftheAngevinDynasty,usuallyknownasthePlantagenetdynasty,becamekingandwentontorulefor35years.

InHenryⅡ’sreignacommonlaw,whichover-rodelocallawandprivatelaw,wasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthecustomsofthemanorwhichhadpreviouslyvariednotonlyfromshiretoshirebutevenfromonecommunitytoanother.

Thecommonlawistheunwrittenlawcommontothewholepeopleasdistinctfromlawgoverningonlysectionsofit,andis“case-made”,.,basedonprecedentjudgments,andderivedfromacknowledgedcustom.

InHenry’sdaythejurysystem-whoseoriginscanbetracedtoprimitivetrialsinwhichwitnesseswerecalledforwardtosweartotheinnocenceoftheaccused-wasatlastreplacingoldEnglishordealsbyfireandwaterandoldNormantrialsbybattle.

ii.contentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatcharter

1.Crusades（十字军东征）.TheresultwasconfrontationbetweenkingJohnandhisbaronsin1215.

2.MagnaCarta,1215

Thebarons’charter,orMagnaCartaasitcametobeknown,waspresentedbyadelegationoftheirclasstothekingandhisadvisersinthesummerof1215ataconferenceatRunnymede,anislandintheThamesfourmilesdownstreamfromWindsor.

3.contents-63clauses:

NotaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland;theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges,andthereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.

AlthoughMagnaCartahaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.

4.significance:

regardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties;thespirit-thelimitationofthepowersoftheking

iii.originsoftheEnglishParliament

1.,underSimondeMontfort,rebelled.

KingjohndefiedMagnaCarta.

Thebarons,underSimondeMontfort,HenryIII’sbrother-in-law,rebelled.

2.provisionsofOxford----GrandCouncilof24members,halftobenominatedbythebaronsthemselves;apermanentbodyofadvisors,withoutwhoseauthoritythekingcouldnotact.

Acivilwarbrokeoutbetweentheking’ssupporters,mostlyforeignmercenaries,andthebaronialarmyledbySimondeMontfort.

1264thekingwasdefeatedbyDeMontfortandtakenprisoner.

3.★theearliestParliament----in1265,2knightsfromeachcounty,2burgesses（citizens）fromeachtown.

TheGreatCouncildevelopedlaterintothelordsandtheCommonsknownasparliament.

3..

nottomakedecisions.

4.underEdwardI,;PrinceofWales,atitleheldbytheheirtothethrone

underEdwardI,HenryIII’sson,Waleswasconquered（1277-1284）,atitleheldbytheheirtothethroneeversince.

iv.thehundredyears’warwithFranceanditsconsequences

1.theintermittentwar,1337-1453;thenameisgiventotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastedform1337to1453.

2.thecauses:

partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic

3.（1327-1377）claimedtheFrenchCrownbyrightofhismotherIsabella,圣女贞德）

Afterhisdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.

4.By1453,onlyCalais

By1453CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsoftheEnglish.

5.ablessingforbothcountries:

goodforthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishandFrenchnationalidentity.

TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries;hadtheyremained,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldcertainlyhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrenchnationalidentitywashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.

（淋巴腺鼠疫）,anepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleas.

BlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplague,,particularlyin1347-1350.

reducedEngland’spopulationfrom4millionto2millionbytheendof14thcentury.

:

muchlandwasleftuntended,.

muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabor.

Itintervenedforthefirsttimetoestablishrulestokeepdownwages.

IV.总结:

WilliamtheConquerorandfeudalism;thelimitationofthekings’power:

GreatCharterandParliament;theHundredYears’war;BlackDeath

Chapter4TransitiontotheModernAge（1455-1688）

I.本章知识点

1.重点:

thenatureandconsequencesofthewarsoftheroses;HenryVIIIandtheEnglishreformation;ElizabethIandParliament;Elizabeth’sreligiousreformandherforeignpolice;DistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishrenaissance;TheCivilWarsandtheirconsequences;ThecommonwealthunderOliverCromwell;TherestorationandtheGloriousRevolution;

2.难点\考点:

theEnglishreformation;ElizabethI;Englishrenaissance;Therestoration;TheGloriousrevolution;

III.课本内容

一thenatureandconsequencesofthewarsoftheroses

:

arevivalofbaronialactivity;thewarsoftheroseswasfoughtbetweentowbranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,theHouseofLancaster（symbolizedbytheredrose）andtheHouseofYork（thewhiterose）between1455and1485.

ThistimetheinstabilitywascausedbythetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,theHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.

2.thenamewascoinedby19thcenturynovelistSirWalterScott.

Thenamewarsoftheroseswas,infact,coinedbythegreat19thcenturynovelistsirWalterScott,butithasbecometheacceptedwayofreferringtothesebattlesbetweenthegreathouseofLancaster,symb