物流英语课文正文.docx
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物流英语课文正文
第一单元GeneralIntroductiontologistics物流概论
Logisticsisauniqueglobal“pipeline”thatoperates24hoursaday,sevendaysaweekand52weeksayear,planningandcoordinatingthetransportanddeliveryofproductsandservicetocustomerstheworldover.
Comingintobeingwiththeadventofcivilization,logisticsisanythingbutanewbornbaby.However,whenitcomestomodernlogistics,mostprofessionalsinthebusinessconsideritoneofthemostchallengingandexcitingjobs,invisibleasitis.
Modernlogisticsisrelatedtotheeffectiveandefficientflowofmaterialsandinformationthatareofvitalimportancetocustomersandclientsinvarioussectorsoftheeconomicsociety,whichmayincludebutbynomeansislimitedto:
Packagingwarehousingmaterialhandlinginventorytransportforecastingstrategicplanningandcustomerservice
Packagingistheouterwrappingofaproduct.Itistheintendedpurposeofthepackagingtomakeaproductreadilysellableaswellastoprotectitagainstdamageandpreventitfromdeteriorationwheninstock.Furthermore,packagingisoftenthemostrelevantelementofatrademarkandconducestoadvertisingorcommunication.
Warehousingissometimesneeded,andcanbeprovided,tocomplementinboundandoutboundtransportationservices.Thereare4distincttypesofwarehousingavailable,dependinguponloadcontent:
forfinishedgoods;forrawmaterials;forconsumerfulfillment;andforvendor-managedinventory(VMI).
Materialhandlingisanykindofmethodsformovingmaterial.Materialcanbemoveddirectlybypeopleliftingtheitemsorusinghandcarts,slingsandotherhandlingaccessories(manualliftingandhandling).Materialcanalsobemovedbypeopleusingmachinessuchascranes,forklifttrucks,andotherliftingfixtures(mechanicallifting).
Inventoryisadetailedlistofalltheitemsinstock,suchasacompany’smerchandise,rawmaterials,andfinishedandunfinishedproductswhichhavenotyetbeensold.
Transportisthemovementofpeople,goods,signalsandinformationfromoneplacetoanother.
Forecastingistoestimatethelikelihoodofaneventtakingplaceinthefuture,basedonavailabledatafromthepast.
Strategicplanningisplanningwhichfocusesonlonger-rangeobjectivesandgoals.Itisessentiallydirectionsettingandoftenfocusesonnewproductsandnewmarkets.
Customerserviceisthesetofbehaviorsthatabusinessundertakesduringitsinteractionwithitscustomers.Itcanalsorefertoaspecificpersonordesk,whichissetuptoprovidegeneralassistancetocustomers.
AsystematicdefinitionoflogisticsissuppliedbytheCouncilofLogisticsManagement:
“Logisticsisthatpartofthesupplychainprocessthatplans,implementsandcontrolstheefficient,effectiveflowandstorageofgoods,serviceandrelatedinformationformthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptiontomeetcustomers’requirements.”Althoughthisdefinitionfailstoincorporateallspecifictermsusedinthestudyoflogistics,itdoesreflecttheneedfortotalmovementmanagementformpointofmaterialprocurementtolocationoffinishedproductdistribution
第二单元AnImportantFactor一个重要因素
Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatproductsareoftwokinds,productsforcustomersandproductsforindustrialuse.Asindustrialproductsarenotthekeyfactorsinplanningaphysicaldistributionstrategy,theywillnotbementionedinthistext.
Animportantcharacteristicofanyproductisitsavailabilityattheplacewhereacustomerwishestoconsumeit.Andthisiswhatlogisticsischieflyconcernedwith.Productsareofanyvaluewhenandonlywhentheyaremovedtotherightplacewhereitisavailabletothecustomer.Thus,weshouldmakeananalysisofproducts,dependingonwhousesthemandhowtheyareused.
Consumerproductsarethosethataredirectedtoultimateconsumers.Accordingtothethreedifferentwaysinwhichconsumersselectgoodsandservicesandwheretheybuythem,consumerproductscanbeputintothreecategories:
convenienceproducts,shoppingproducts,andspecialtyproducts.
Convenienceproductsarethosegoodsandservicesthatconsumerspurchasefrequently,immediately,andwithlittlecomparativeshopping.Typicalproductsarebankingservices,tobaccoitem,andmanyfoodstuffs.Theseproductsgenerallyrequirewidedistributionthroughmanyoutlets.Distributioncostsaretypicallyhighbutaremorethanjustifiedbytheincreasedsalespotentialthatisbroughtaboutbythiswideandextensivedistribution.Customerservicelevels,asexpressedintermsofproductavailabilityandaccessibility,mustbehightoencourageanyreasonabledegreeofcustomerpatronagefortheproducts.
Shoppingproductsarethoseforwhichconsumersarewillingtoseedandcompare:
comparinginmanylocationstheprice,quality,andperformance,andmakingapurchaseonlyaftercarefuldeliberation.Typicalproductsinthiscategoryarefashionclothes,automobiles,homefurnishings,andmedicalcare.Becauseofthecustomer’swillingnesstoshoparound,anindividualsuppliermaystockgoodsorofferservicesinonlyafewoutletsinagivenmarketarea.Distributioncostsforsuchsuppliersaresomewhatlowerthanforconvenienceproducts,andproductdistributionneednotbeaswidespread.
Specialtyproductsarethoseforwhichbuyersarewillingtoexpendasubstantialeffortandoftentowaitasignificantamountoftimeinordertoacquirethem.Buyersseekoutparticulartypesandbrandsofgoodsandservices.Examplescanbeanytypeofgoodsrangingfromfinefoodstocustom-madeautomobilesoraservicesuchasmanagementconsultingadvice.Becausebuyersinsistonparticularbrands,distributioniscentralizedandcustomerservicelevelsarenotashighasthoseforconvenienceandshoppingproducts.Physicaldistributioncostscanbethelowestofanyproductcategory.Becauseofthis,manyfirmswillattempttocreatebrandpreferencefortheirproductline.
第三单元Transportation运输
Transportationisavitalcomponentinthedesignandmanagementoflogisticssystems.Itmayaccountforone-thirdtotwo-thirdsoftotallogisticscosts.Thechoicesavailabletotheuserstypicallyincludethefivemajortransportmodes(air,truck,rail,water,andpipe)andtheircombinations.Usersmayhiretheservicesorownthemeansoftransportation.
Transportservicesarebestdescribedbytheircostandperformancecharacteristics.Thesedistinguishonetransportservicefromanother,anditiswhatauserbuysfromthetransportationsystem.Thecostcharacteristicsvaryfromonemodetoanotheranddeterminetheirratestructures.Ratesarebasedprimarilyonthreefactors----distance,shipmentsize,andcompetition.Ontheotherhand,carrierperformanceisbasedontheextentofshipmenthandlingatterminalsandinherentspeedofthecarrier.Itisadequatelydescribedintermsofaveragetransittime,transit-timevariability,andlossanddamage.
Costallocationisoneofthefactorsthataffectpricing.Theshipper’sperspectiveaboutitisimportant,thoughitischieflysomethingthatthecarriersshouldpayattentionto.
Onekindofcostiswhatiscalledvariablecosts.Theyarethosecoststhatchangeinapredictable,directmannerinrelationtosomelevelofactivityduringatimeperiod.Variablecostscanbeavoidedonlybynotoperatingthevehicle.Asideformexceptionalcircumstances,transportratesmustatleastcovervariablecosts.Thevariablecategoryincludesdirectcarriercostsassociatedwithmovementofeachload.Theseexpensesaregenerallymeasuredasacostpermileorperunitofweight.Typicalcostcomponentsinthiscategoryincludelabor,fuelandmaintenance.Onapermilebasis,truckloadcarrier’svariablecostsrangefrom$0.75to$1.50pervehiclemile.Asexplainedinanyelementaryeconomicstext,itisnotpossibleforanycarriertochargebelowitsvariablecostandexpecttoremaininbusiness.
Internationaltransportationisanareaofgrowinginterestandconcerntothelogistician.Thetransportationequipmentisthesameasthatuseddomestically,withtheexceptionthatcertainelementsofthetransportsystemhavebecomemoreimportant.Forexample,containerizationispopularininternationalmovement.Theuseroftheinternationaltransportationsystemmayfeeloverwhelmedbytheincreaseddocumentation,bydifferencesincarrierliability,byvariouscustomsproceduresandtheuseofforeigntradezones.Fortunately,thereexistmiddlemen,agents,freightforwarders,andbrokerstoassisttheshipperwithinternationalmovement.
第四单元LogisticsStrategy物流战略
Inventoryisviewedasplayingaroleinthevalue-addedprocess.Thisdoesnotmeanthemoreyouhaveintheformofinventory,thericheryouare.Ifyoukeepanoverstockoftheinventory,expenseswillincurnotonlyinwarehousing,butalsoinmanyaspects,suchasthecapitalcostandtheinterestaccruingonit,taxes,insurance,obsolescencecostandstoragecost.
Ontheonehand,capitalcostincreaseswiththelotsize.Ontheotherhand,theinterestaccruesonthecapitalinvestedinthecarryinginventory,whichis,inmanycases,computedaccordingtotheprimeinterestrateoraspecifiedratepeggedtotheprimeinterest.Thelogicbehinditisthatthecashtoreplacecapitalinvestedininventorycanbepurchasedinthemoneymarket.
Inmanycountries,taxesareleviedontheaverageinventorylevelonaspecificdayoftheyear.
Insurancecostisadirectlevynormallybasedonestimatedriskorexposureovertime.
Obsolescencemeansthedeteriorationofproductinstoragewhichisnotcoveredbyinsurance.
Thestoragecostincursinrespectofproductholding,whetheryoustorethegoodsinapublicwarehouse,rentedpri