语篇部分专题一第3讲学生版.docx

语篇部分专题一第3讲学生版.docx

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语篇部分专题一第3讲学生版

第3讲　主旨大意类

题型概述

题型破解

1寻找主题句确定文章大意

解题指导　文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。

一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。

考生速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：

1.段落中出现表转折的词语（however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等）时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词（主旨句通常包含关键词）；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,inshort,conclude,conclusion,thus等词。

[典例]　（2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C篇）

MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere－bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?

Noneofyourbusiness!

LunchisBechtel's“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she'snotalone.

Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf（53percent）havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf（46percent）havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.

“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow？

”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself，”shesaid.

Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideo－grapher,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst－namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction（交流）.“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek，”hesaid.“It'sachanceforself－reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”

Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnology，”saidLaurieDemeritt,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.

31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A．Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.

B．Theimportanceofself－reflection.

C．Thestressfromworkingovertime.

D．Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.

2通过结构或暗示概括段落大意

解题指导　1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：

要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。

如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。

2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：

有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。

[典例]　（2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D篇）

Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool（小学）,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.

Popularityisawell－exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：

thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'plays－well－with－othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump－startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：

statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.

...

33．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A．Theclassificationofthepopular.

B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.

C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.

D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.

3三大方法定标题

解题指导　1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：

①概括精准而简洁；②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。

2.三大方法：

①正面肯定法：

在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②方面否定法：

撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：

认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。

[典例]　（2019·全国卷Ⅱ·D篇）

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?

It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.

HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution（解决方案）.“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.

“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？

’Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoaninpersonreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”

GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影响）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?

GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.

35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A．NASA:

TheHomeofAstronauts

B．Space:

TheFinalHomeworkFrontier

C．Nature:

AnOutdoorClassroom

D．HUNCH:

ACollegeAdmissionReform

过关检测（限时：

35分钟）

Nexttimeyougoshopping,keepinmindthattheremaybehiddencamerasanalyzingyourhabits.Accordingtoa2015surveyof150managersfromComputerServicesCorporation,aquarterofBritishshopsusefacialrecognitionsoftwaretocollectdataonshopperbehavior.

Withconcernsthatface－recognitioncameras“arekindofinvasive（侵犯的）”，BritishanalysisfirmHoxtonAnalyticshascomeupwithanewwayofmeasuringfootfall（客流量）—byfilmingpeople'sshoes.Thetechnologycancollectalargeamountofpersonalinformation.“Wehavecamerasat50cmoffthegroundandtheypointdownsotheyarelessinvasivethanfacialrecognition，”DuncanMann,Hoxton'sofficersaid.

Asmoderncitiesgetfuller—70percentofthepopulationwillliveinurbanareasby2050—camerasandothertechnologiesaretakingoverpublicspacesandcollectingourdata.Theirpurposeistokeeppeoplesafe,provideefficientservicesandpreventdisastersandcrimes.

Butsomearenothappywiththecamerasasfarastheirprivacy（隐私）isconcerned.“Veryfewofushaveanyrealconceptofwhatdatasmartcitiesaregathering，”saidRenateSamson.

Webegingivingawaydataassoonaswewakeup.Whenweenterthetransportsystem,wearegivingawayevenmoredetailsaboutourselvesthroughsmartcards,mobilephonesorcreditcards.

NickMillman,directorataconsultingfirmthinksstatisticsarethekeytotheprivacyconcern.HeusedtheexampleofGoogleMaps,whichistomonitortheflowoftrafficinStockholm.Heexplained,“Itisbasicallyaddingprivacycontrolstostatisticssothatyouonlyseethedatayouneedtoknowabout.”Inthiscase,Googlegetsenoughdatatoimprovetrafficbutnotsomuchthatitshowsindividualjourneypatterns.

1．Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?

A．Anintroductiontocollectingshoppers'data.

B．Theconcernsaboutgivingawaypersonaldata.

C．Theproblemscausedbyimbalanceddistributionofpopulation.

D．Aninventionrecordingandcollectingcustomers'information.

2．ThenewtechnologyinventedbyHoxtonAnalytics________.

A．cangatheralotofpeople'spersonaldatafromtheirshoes

B．usescamerasfittedonthegroundtocollectcustomers'data

C．hasimprovedtheaccuracyoffacialrecognitionsoftware

D．offersaperfectsolutiontocustomers'privacyconcerns

3．Accordingtotheauthor,camerasinmoderncities________.

A．causeahugewasteofpublicspaces

B．helpreducethesizeofpopulationinurbanareas

C．arelikelytohelpimprovetrafficconditions

D．aretoavoidcrimesanddisastersandprovideefficientservices

4．WhatisRenateSamson'sattitudetowardtheriseofsmartcities?

A．Worried.B．Optimistic.

C．Confused.D．Uninterested.

（2019·华中师大附中高三模拟）Thosewhoclaimbananasarefatteningarguethatbananascausethebodytomakelotsofinsulin（胰岛素）,andinsulincausesfatgrowth.

Howmuchinsulinweproduceisrelatedtohowfastfoodbecomessugarinourbloodstream.Howcanyouknowiffoodmakesalotofsugarquickly?

Theglycemicindex（血糖指数）,orGIratingtellsus.FoodswithGIscoresabove75areconsideredhigh－GIfoods,leadingtofastersugardevelopment.BananashaveaGIof62,whichisconsideredlow.

Weightlosscanbeastruggleforanyone,butitisespeciallyhardfordiabetics（糖尿病患者）.Astudylookedathowthestarchfromunripebananasaffectedtheweightofagroupofobesediabetics.Afterfourweeksofadiethighinbananas,diabeticslostsignificantlymoreweightthanonacontroldiet.Theyalsosawimprovementsininsulinsensitivityfromthebananadiet.

What'smore,bananashavebeenshowntocutrisksofstrokes,diabetesandcancers（Bananasarethemostpowerfulfruitforloweringtheriskofkidneycancer.）.Bananasarealsoarichsourceoffiber,whichhasbeenshowntohelpweightloss.Bananasthatstillhavesomegreenontheskinareevenhigherinfiber.

Skinsfromgreenbananascanbetakenand,afterremovingthestemanddarktip,cutintosmallpieces2－3incheslongand1/2inchwide.Thesepiecescanbemadeintoateaoraddedtoadish.Whenyoueattheskins,besureyouareeatingorganicbananas.T