语篇部分专题一第3讲学生版.docx

1、语篇部分 专题一 第3讲学生版第3讲主旨大意类题型概述题型破解1 寻找主题句确定文章大意解题指导文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。考生速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等

2、)时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等词。典例(2019全国卷C篇)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her eboo

3、k as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch b

4、y themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers someti

5、mes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer,

6、is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “Its a chance for selfref

7、lection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It d

8、oesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.31What is the text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone.BThe importance of selfreflection.CThe stress from working overtime.DThe advantage of

9、 wireless technology.2 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意解题指导1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。典例(2019全国卷D篇)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I

10、enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, amon

11、g whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart

12、interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. . 33What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe classification of the popular.BThe characteris

13、tics of adolescents.CThe importance of interpersonal skills.DThe causes of dishonorable behavior.3 三大方法定标题解题指导1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：概括精准而简洁；针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。2.三大方法：正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；方面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。典例(201

14、9全国卷D篇)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high

15、 school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years

16、, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution (解决方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no gr

17、aded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal？ Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.Engineers come and really do an inperson review, and . its not a very nice thing at times. Its a hard business r

18、eview of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about

19、 the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.35What is the best title for the text?ANASA: The Home of AstronautsBSpace: The Final Homework FrontierCNature: An Outdoor ClassroomDHUNCH: A College Admission Reform过关检测(限时：35分钟)Next time you go shopping, keep in mind that there may be hidd

20、en cameras analyzing your habits. According to a 2015 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation, a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on shopper behavior.With concerns that facerecognition cameras “are kind of invasive (侵犯的)”， British analysis fi

21、rm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall (客流量)by filming peoples shoes. The technology can collect a large amount of personal information. “We have cameras at 50 cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition，” Duncan Mann, Hoxtons

22、 officer said. As modern cities get fuller70 percent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and collecting our data. Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes. But some are

23、 not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy (隐私) is concerned. “Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，” said Renate Samson.We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up. When we enter the transport system, we are giving away even more details about ou

24、rselves through smart cards, mobile phones or credit cards.Nick Millman, director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to the privacy concern. He used the example of Google Maps, which is to monitor the flow of traffic in Stockholm. He explained, “It is basically adding privacy control

25、s to statistics so that you only see the data you need to know about.” In this case, Google gets enough data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows individual journey patterns. 1What is the article mainly about?AAn introduction to collecting shoppers data.BThe concerns about giving away pe

26、rsonal data.CThe problems caused by imbalanced distribution of population.DAn invention recording and collecting customers information.2The new technology invented by Hoxton Analytics _.Acan gather a lot of peoples personal data from their shoesBuses cameras fitted on the ground to collect customers

27、 dataChas improved the accuracy of facial recognition softwareDoffers a perfect solution to customers privacy concerns3According to the author, cameras in modern cities _.Acause a huge waste of public spacesBhelp reduce the size of population in urban areasCare likely to help improve traffic conditi

28、onsDare to avoid crimes and disasters and provide efficient services4What is Renate Samsons attitude toward the rise of smart cities?AWorried. BOptimistic.CConfused. DUninterested.(2019华中师大附中高三模拟)Those who claim bananas are fattening argue that bananas cause the body to make lots of insulin (胰岛素), a

29、nd insulin causes fat growth.How much insulin we produce is related to how fast food becomes sugar in our bloodstream. How can you know if food makes a lot of sugar quickly? The glycemic index (血糖指数), or GI rating tells us. Foods with GI scores above 75 are considered highGI foods, leading to faster

30、 sugar development. Bananas have a GI of 62, which is considered low.Weight loss can be a struggle for anyone, but it is especially hard for diabetics (糖尿病患者). A study looked at how the starch from unripe bananas affected the weight of a group of obese diabetics. After four weeks of a diet high in b

31、ananas, diabetics lost significantly more weight than on a control diet. They also saw improvements in insulin sensitivity from the banana diet.Whats more, bananas have been shown to cut risks of strokes, diabetes and cancers (Bananas are the most powerful fruit for lowering the risk of kidney cance

32、r.). Bananas are also a rich source of fiber, which has been shown to help weight loss. Bananas that still have some green on the skin are even higher in fiber.Skins from green bananas can be taken and, after removing the stem and dark tip, cut into small pieces 23 inches long and 1/2 inch wide. These pieces can be made into a tea or added to a dish. When you eat the skins, be sure you are eating organic bananas. T