Copyright and Related Right.docx

Copyright and Related Right.docx

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CopyrightandRelatedRight

FOREDUCATIONALUSEONLY

LicensingIntell.Prop.§3.07

（TREATISE）

LicensingofIntellectualProperty

JayDratler,Jr.[FNa]

Copyright©1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005

2006ALMProperties,Inc.,LawJournalPress（R）,adivisionofAmerican

LawyerMedia,Inc.NewYork,NewYork

Chapter3.CopyrightandRelatedRights

§3.07DurationofProtectionforCopyrightsandRelatedRights

[1]--ApplicableInternationalandRegionalProvisions

[a]--Copyrights

SignatoriesofbothNAFTAandTRIPShaveagreedtoprotectcopyrightsinaccordancewithcertainportionsofthe1971ParisActoftheBerneConvention,excludingArticle6,themoralrightsprovision.[FN1]TheBerneConventionmandatesaminimumcopyrighttermoffiftyyearsbeyondtheauthor'slifetime,[FN2]butallowssignatoriestoprovidelongertermsofprotection.[FN3]FirsttheEuropeanUnion[FN4]andlatertheUnitedStates[FN5]havechosentograntatermoflifeplusseventy,althoughdifferentrulesapplyintheUnitedStatestoworkscreatedduringearlieriterationsofthecopyrightlaw.[FN6]

BothTRIPSandBerneadoptthenationaltreatmentstandard,subjecttotheRuleoftheShorterTerm,[FN7]whichprovidesthatgovernmentsarenotrequiredtograntalongertermofprotectiontoforeignworksthanthecountryoforiginprovidesitsownworks.Hence,aworkwhosecopyrighthasexpiredinitshomecountryneednotbegrantedprotectioninanothercountry,eveniftheworkwouldotherwisebeeligibleforprotectioninthatothercountry.AlthoughtheUniversalCopyrightConventionincorporatestheRuleoftheShorterTerm,theEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStateshaveeliminatedit.[FN8]

UndertheprovisionsoftheEUCopyrightTermDirective,[FN9]worksbyasingleauthorenjoycopyrightprotectionforatermofseventyyearsafterthedeathoftheauthor;forjointworks,themeasuringlifeisthatofthelastsurvivingauthor.[FN10]

[b]--NeighboringRightsandRelatedRights

Inconnectionwithneighboringrightsforperformers,producersofphonograms,andbroadcastingorganizations,TRIPSrefersto,butdoesnotmandateadherenceto,theRomeConvention.[FN11]TRIPSappliesthenationaltreatmentstandardonlytothoserelatedrightsspecificallygrantedundertheTRIPSAgreement,notthebroaderprovisionsintheRomeConvention.[FN12]UnderEuropeanUnionlaw,thedurationofneighboringrightsisasfollows:

forperformers,thetermisfiftyyearsafterthedateoftheperformance;[FN13]forphonogramproducers,fiftyyearsfromfixation;[FN14]forfilmproducers,fiftyyearsfromfixation;[FN15]forbroadcastingorganizations,fiftyyearsfromthefirsttransmission,whetherbywireorovertheair,includingbycableorsatellite.[FN16]TheEUalsorequiresafifteenyearsuigenerisrightfordatabases.[FN17]

DuetothelackofacleardistinctionbetweencopyrightandneighboringrightsunderUnitedStateslaw,theUnitedStatesisnotasignatorytotheRomeConvention.BecauseneithertheUnitedStatesnorCanadaadherestotheRomeConvention,NAFTAadoptsthePhonogramConvention,nottheRomeConvention,asitsbaselinefortheprotectionofrelatedrights.[FN18]ThePhonogramConvention,jointlyadministeredbyWIPO,UNESCO,andtheInternationalLaborOrganization,[FN19]authorizesprotectionundercopyrightorotherspecificright,underunfaircompetition,orunderpenallaws,andpermitscompulsorylicensingundercertainconditions,includingtheexistenceoffairuseprovisions.[FN20]TheConventionrequiresaminimumtwentyyearterm,[FN21]andpermitsformalitiesasaprerequisiteforprotectionundernationallaw,providedthatsuchformalitiesaresatisfiedbyuseofaprescribedcopyrightnotice（containinga"P"inacircle）.[FN22]

[c]--MoralRights

Moralrightsincludetherightofauthorstohavetheirworkattributedtothemandnooneelse,therighttomaintaintheintegrityofaworkbypreventingothersfromalteringit,therighttopublishorwithholdaworkfrompublication,andtherighttowithdrawaworkfromdistribution.[FN23]Insomecountries,moralrightsareperpetual,inalienable,andimprescriptible.[FN24]TheEuropeanUniondoesnotprescribethetermofprotectionformoralrightsamongitsmemberstates.[FN25]

[2]--UnitedStatesLaw

BecausemostamendmentstoUnitedStateslawhavenothadretroactiveeffect,[FN26]thedurationofaUnitedStatescopyrightis,withrareexceptions,determinedbythe1909[FN27]or1976[FN28]CopyrightActasamendedatthetimetheworkwasfirstprotectedintheUnitedStates.However,becauseretroactiveeffecthasbeengrantedintheextensionofsubsistingcopyrighttermsandinrestoringcopyrightprotectiontoforeignworksthathadfallenintothepublicdomainforfailingtocomplywiththen-applicableformalitiesandsubjectmatter