写作.docx

写作.docx

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写作

Unit1Punctuation

（1）

Introduction

Punctuationisthesystemofsymbolsthatweusetoseparatesentencesandpartsofsentences,andtomaketheirmeaningclear.Eachsymboliscalleda“punctuationmark”.Punctuationhelpstoclarifyandsometimesemphasizesthemeaningofasentence.Itisnecessarytolearntouseallthepunctuationmarkscorrectly.AlthoughtherearegeneralrulesforEnglishpunctuation,therearedifferencesofstylesbetween,forexample,BritishandAmericanEnglish,somepublishersandsomewriters.

TheValueofPunctuation

AnEnglishteacherwrotethesewordsontheboard:

womanwithouthermanisnothingTheteacherthenaskedthestudentstopunctuatethewordscorrectly.Themenwrotethetopline.Thewomenwrotethebottomline.

Woman,withoutherman,isnothing.

Woman!

Withouther,manisnothing.

SummaryofPunctuationMarks

PunctuationMarkNameExample

.fullstoporperiodeg:

IlikeEnglish.

’commaeg:

IspeakEnglish,FrenchandThai.

；semi-coloneg:

Idon'toftengoswimming;Iprefertoplaytennis.

：

coloneg:

Youhavetwochoices:

finishtheworktodayorlosethecontract.

-hypheneg:

Thisisaratherout-of-datebook.

_dasheg:

Ineachtown—London,ParisandRome—hestayedinyouthhostels.

?

questionmarkeg:

WhereisShangri-La?

!

exclamationmarkeg:

"Help!

"shecried."I'mdrowning!

“

/forwardslasheg:

Pleasepressyourbrowser'sRefresh/Reloadbutton.

\backslashC:

\Users\Files\jse.doc

“”doublequotationmarkseg:

“Iloveyou,”hesaid.

‘’singlequotationmarkseg:

‘Iloveyou,’shesaid.

’apostropheeg:

ThisisJohn’scar.

_underlineeg:

HaveyoureadWarandPeace?

W_Wunderscoreeg:

bin_lad@cia.gov

（）roundbrackets

eg:

IwenttoBagkok（myfavouritecity）andstayedtherefortwoweeks.

[]squarebracketseg:

Thenewspaperreportedthatthehostages（人质）[mostofthemFrench]hadbeenreleased.

{}curlybracketsorbraceseg:

{b:

=a+1RESULTISb}

…ellipsis

eg:

Onehappycustomerwrote:

“Thisisthebestprogram...thatIhaveeverseen.” 

FullStop（Period）

Endyoursentenceswithaperiod（fullstop）.

-Theaccessibilityofthecomputerhasincreasedtremendouslyoverthepastseveralyears.

-Everystudentshouldlearntousethepunctuationmarks.

Theperiodmarkstheendofasentence.Thenextword,ifyougoonwriting,hastobecapitalizedbecauseitbeginsanewsentenceTheperiodisusedwithmostabbreviations:

Mr.Mrs.Ms.Dr.Ph.D.U.S.A.a.m.U.K.N.Y.

I.Q.B.C.B.A.p.m.i.e（idest:

thatistosay;inotherwords）e.g.etc.Nov.

Comma

Commaisusedtoindicateabreakorpausewithinasentence（,）.Thisisanothercommonlyusedpunctuationmark.Thereareseveralinstanceswhereyoumightuseacomma:

Usethecommawhendenotinganappositive,orabreakwithinasentencethatsupplementsandaddsinformationtothesubject.

BillGates,CEOofMicrosoft,isthedeveloperoftheoperatingsystemknownasWindows.

2.Usethecommawhendenotingaseries.Thisisasetofthreeormore"list"itemswithinasentence.Tosavespaceinnewspapers,somewritersmayomitthelastcomma.

Thecomputerstorewasfilledwithvideogames,computerhardwareandotherelectronicparaphernalia（随身用具）.

Thefruitbasketcontainedapples,bananas,andoranges.

3.Useacommaifyoursubjecthastwoormoreadjectivesdescribingit.Thisissomewhatsimilartoaseries,exceptthatitisincorrecttoplaceacommaafterthefinaladjective.

CORRECT-Thepowerful,resonatingsoundcaughtourattention.

INCORRECT-Thepowerful,resonating,soundcaughtourattention.

4.Useacommawhenreferringtoacityandstate.Itisalsonecessarytouseacommatoseparatethecityandstatefromtherestofthesentence.

IamoriginallyfromFreehold,NJ.

LosAngeles,CA,isoneofthelargestcitiesintheUnitedStates.

5.Useacommatoseparateanintroductoryphrasewhichisusuallyoneormoreprepositionalphrasesfromtherestofthesentence.

Aftertheshow,JohnandIwentouttodinner.

Onthebackofmycouch,mycat'sclawshaveslowlybeencarvingalargehole.

6.Usethecommatoseparatetwoindependentclauses.Ifyoursentencecontainstwoindependentclausesthatareseparatedbyaconjunction（suchasand,as,but,for,nor,so,oryet）,placeacommabeforetheconjunction.

Ryanwenttothebeachyesterday,butheforgothissunscreen.

Waterbillsusuallyriseduringthesummer,aspeoplearethirstierduringhotandhumiddays.

7.Useacommawhenmakingadirectaddress.Whencallingone'sattentionbyname,separatetheperson'snameandtherestofthestatementwithacomma.Notethatthiskindofcommaisusedrarelyinwriting,becausethisissomethingthatwedonormallywhilespeaking.

Amber,couldyoucomehereforamoment?

8.Useacommatoseparatedirectquotations.Acommashouldcomeafterthelastwordbeforeaquotationthatisbeingintroduced.

Anindirectquotationthatdoesnotrequireacomma.

WhileIwasathishouse,JohnaskedmeifIwantedanythingtoeat.

Adirectquotation.

WhileIwasathishouse,Johnasked,“Doyouwantanythingtoeat?

”

Apartialdirectquotationthatdoesnotrequireacomma.

Accordingtotheclient,thelawyerwas“lazyandincompetent.”

9.Commaaroundwordsinterruptingtheflowofthought

Useacommaonbothsidesofwordsorphrasesthatinterrupttheflowofthoughtinasentence.

Marty’scomputer,whichhiswifegothimasabirthdaygift,occupiesallofhissparetime.

SueDodd,whogoestoaerobicsclasswithme,wasinaseriouscaraccident.

10.Commawitheverydaymaterial

June30,2008,isthedayImadethelastpaymentonmycar.

Ibuydiscountchildren’sclothingfromIsaacsWearFactory,Box900,Chicago,Illinosis60614.

DearSanta,

Sincerelyyours,

Theinsuranceagentsoldmea$50,000termlifeinsurancepolicy.

QuestionMark

Thequestionmark（?

）,usedattheendofasentence,suggestsaninterrogatoryremarkorinquiry.

Whathashumanitydoneaboutthegrowingconcernofglobalwarming?

Youareleavingtomorrow?

Areyouleavingtomorrow?

ExclamationPoint

Theexclamationpoint（exclamationmark,shoutmark）（!

）suggestsexcitementoremphasisinasentence.

Ican'tbelievehowdifficulttheexamwas!

Howbeautiful!

Whataniceday!

SemicolonandColon

Thesemicolon（;）hasafewuses.

Useasemicolontoseparatetworelatedbutindependentclauses.Notethat,ifthetwoclausesareverywordyorcomplex,itisbettertouseaperiodinstead.

Peoplecontinuetoworryaboutthefuture;ourfailuretoconserveresourceshasputtheworldatrisk.

2.Useasemicolontoseparateacomplexseriesofitems,especiallythosethatcontaincommas.

IwenttotheshowwithJake,myclosefriend;hisfriend,Jane;andherbestfriend,Jenna.

Thecolon（:

）hasmultipleuses.

1.Usethecolontointroducealist.Becarefulnottouseacolonwhendenotingaregularseries.Usually,thewordfollowingsuggeststheuseofacolon.Useonlyafterafullsentencewhichendsinanoun.

heprofessorhasgivenmethreeoptions:

toretaketheexam,toaccepttheextracreditassignment,ortofailtheclass.

INCORRECT-TheEasterbasketcontained:

Eastereggs,chocolaterabbits,andothercandy.

Understandingofthedifferencesbetweenahyphenandadash

Thehyphen（-）isused

tosplitlongwordbetweentwolines;

toaddaprefixtosomewordstomakethewordeasiertoread;

e.g.re-examine（easytoread）

reexamine（hardertoread）

3.torequirenohyphentoseparatetheprefixfromtheword,suchasrestate,pretest,andundo.

Tomaketwowordsrelyoneachother;

e.g.re-arrange

Caraishisex-girlfriend.

Tocreatecompoundwordsfromseparatewords;

e.g.Theup-to-datenewspaperreporterswerequicktojumponthelatestscandal.

Toseparatethetwowordsofanynumberunderonehundredwhenwritingnumbersoutaswords.

e.g.Therearefifty-twoplayingcardsinadeck.

（"Theamountisonehundredandeighty"isacommonerrorinUSEnglish,wherethe"and"isusuallyomitted.ElsewhereintheEnglish-speakingworld,however,the"and"isusuallyincluded.）

e.g.Ihaveone-hundredtapes.

Helivedtobeonehundredtwenty-one.

Thedash（—or—）shouldbeused

Tomakeabriefinterruptionwithinastatement,asuddenchangeofthought（思维中断或改变）anadditionalcomment;

e.g.Newsofthedramaticmerger–noonebelieveitatfirst–shookthefinancialworld.

ShipthematerialsMonday–no,wemusthavethemsooner.

2.toaddaparentheticalstatement,suchasforfurtherclarificationrelevanttothesentence;

e.g.Anintroductoryclauseisabriefphrasethatcomes—yes,youguessedit—atthebeginningofasentence.

Thisistheendofoursentence—orsowethought.

Doublequotationmarkandsinglequotationmark/apostrophe

Thedoublequotation（"）

enclosesadirectquotation,whethermadebyapersonortakenfromapieceofliterature.

e.g.“Ican'twaittoseehimperform!

”Johnexclaimed.

Accordingtothearticle,thevalueofthedollarindevelopingnationsis“stronglyinfluencedbyitsaesthetic（美学）value,ratherthanitsfacevalue.”

enclosesawordorphrases.

e.g.Theword“protein”comesfromaGreekwordthatmeans“offirstimportance.”

Knownas“thepeople’sprincess,”Dianacaptivatedallwhoknewher.

enclosesthetitlesofnewspaperandjournalarticles,chaptersinbooks,shortstories,reports,poemsandsongs.

e.g.Steven’sfavoritesongis“FiveHundredMilesAway.”

Chapter2,“BigBang,”isveryfascinating.

4.Singlequotationmarkisusedwithinaregularquotationtoindicateaquotationwithinaquotation.

e.g.Alisaid,“Annatoldme,‘Iwasn’tsureifyouwantedto