考研英语真题和答案解析.docx

考研英语真题和答案解析.docx

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考研英语真题和答案解析

2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题

SectionI  UseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat 1  theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby 2  factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig 3   wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.   4  ,hetheorisedthatajudge 5  ofapperaringtoosoft 6  crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison 7  hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday。

　　To 8  thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the  9  ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers 10  randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas 11  。

　　Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323 MBA interviews 12  by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad 13  applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale 14  numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere 15  usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis 16  outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher。

　　Dr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone 17  that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould 18  byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto 19  theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen 20  。

　　1.[A]grants           [B]submits        [C]transmits      [D]delivers 

　　2.[A]minor            [B]objective      [C]crucial        [D]external

　　3.[A]issue            [B]vision         [C]picture        [D]external 

　　4.[A]Forexample     [B]Onaverage      [C]Inprinciple     [D]Aboveall 

　　5.[A]fond            [B]fearful       [C]capable         [D]thoughtless

　　6.[A]in             [B]on              [C]to             [D]for

　　7.[A]if              [B]until           [C]though       [D]unless

　　8.[A]promote         [B]emphasize       [C]share           [D]success

　　9.[A]decision        [B]quality         [C]status          [D]success

　　10.[A]chosen         [B]studied         [C]found           [D]identified

　　11.[A]exceptional   [B]defensible      [C]replaceable    [D]otherwise

　　12.[A]inspired       [B]expressed        [C]conducted       [D]secured

　　13.[A]assigned       [B]rated            [C]matched         [D]arranged

　　14.[A]put            [B]got             [C]gave           [D]took

　　15.[A]instead        [B]then             [C]ever         [D]rather

　　16.[A]selected        [B]passed          [C]marked      [D]introduced

　　17.[A]before        [B]after          [C]above          [D]below

　　18.[A]jump            [B]float          [C]drop            [D]fluctuate

　　19.[A]achieve         [B]undo           [C]maintain       [D]disregard

　　20.[A]promising       [B]possible       [C]necessary        [D]helpful

　　SectionII ReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment。

　　Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedin Overdressed, EliazabethCline’sthree-year indictment of“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace。

　　Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals。

　　Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste。

　　TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff。

　　Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto。

　　21. Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

　　[A]poorbargainingskill。

　　[B]insensitivitytofashion。

　　[C]obsessionwithhighfashion。

　　[D]lackofimagination。

　　22.AccordingtoCline,mass-maketlabelsurgeconsumersto

　　[A]combatunnecessarywaste。

　　[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld。

　　[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements。

　　[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently。

　　23.Theword“indictment”（Line3,Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto

　　[A]accusation。

　　[B]enthusiasm。

　　[C]indifference。

　　[D]tolerance。

　　24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelaseparagraph?

　　[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists。

　　[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability。

　　[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments。

　　[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing。

　　25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?

　　[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle。

　　[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth。

　　[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry。

　　[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret。

　　Text2

　　Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy。

　　Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:

Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?

Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?

　　InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCornmission（FTC）proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAlliance（DAA）agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests。

　　OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:

ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault。

　　Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway。

　　AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Atterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,bloggde:

"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?

　　26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:

　　[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves

　　[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts

　　[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers

　　[D]providebetteronlineservices

　　27.“Theindustry”（Line6,Para.3）refersto:

　　[A]onlineadvertisers

　　[B]e-commerceconductors

　　[C]digitalinformationanalysis

　　[D]internetbrowserdevelopers

　　28. BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault

　　[A]manycutth