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TEM8英语专八英美文学
英国文学(EnglishLiterature)
450-1066
OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period古英语(或盎格鲁—撒克逊)时期
1066-1500
MiddleEnglishPeriod中古英语时期
1500-1660
1516-1578
1578-1625
1625-1660
TheRenaissance文艺复兴
1)ThebeginningoftheRenaissance
2)Thefloweringperiod
3)TheepilogueoftheRenaissance
1660-1785
TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主义时期
1785-1830
TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期
1832-1901
TheVictorianPeriod维多利亚时期
1901-1914
TheEdwardianPeriod爱德华时期
1910-1936
TheGeorgianPeriod乔治五世时期
1914-
TheModernPeriod现代时期
1945-
Postmodernism后现代主义
一、OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)
1)TheOldEnglishPeriod/TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod古英语时期(449-1066)
A.Paganpoetry(异教诗歌):
Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌;长诗(3000行)heroism&fatalism&Christianqualities
thefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;善恶有报
B.Religiouspoetry:
Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):
《赞美诗》(Anthem),大多取材余《圣经》(Bible)故事。
Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C):
《十字架之梦》(DreamoftheRood)
C.Anglo-Saxonprose:
VenerableBede(673-735)《英吉利人教会史》(HistorianEcclesiasticaGentisAnglorum)
AlfredtheGreat(848-901)FatherofEnglishProse《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(Anglo-SaxonChronicle)
2)TheMedievalPeriod中世纪(1066-ca.1485/1500):
Cavalierliterature骑士文学
A.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):
theMiddleAges;英雄诗歌
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:
Celticlegend;verse-romance;2530lines
GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400):
thefatherofEnglishpoetry;Heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体)
TheCanterburyTales;TheParliamentofFowls;TheBookoftheDuchess
TheHouseofFame;TroilusandCriseyde;TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》
WilliamLangland(朗兰1332-1400):
TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》
B.Englishballads(15thC)
ThomasMalory(1395-1471):
Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士
二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):
人文主义humanism;十四行诗Sonnets;无韵诗Blankverse;戏剧Drama;斯宾塞诗体Spenserian;UniversityWits大学才子派
1)诗歌
a.ThomasWyatt(怀亚特1503-1542):
thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature
b.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586):
代表了当时的理想-“thecompleteman”
DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》AstrophelandStella《爱星者与星》;
Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》:
aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;aforerunnerofthemodernworld
c.EdmundSpenser(斯宾塞1552-1599):
thepoets’poet
TheShepherdCalendar《牧人日历》;Amoretti《爱情小唱》
TheFaerieQueen《仙后》:
longpoemforQueenElizabeth;Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanza
SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体):
Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五步诗),
andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步诗)line.
2)散文
a.ThomasMore(莫尔1478-1535):
欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》:
More与海员的对话
b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160,散文家,剧作家&小说家):
Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》
Euphuism(夸饰文体):
Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(头韵)andotherartificialprosodic(韵律)means.
Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisons
c.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626):
Essays(论说文集):
OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:
thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic
Philosophical:
NewInstrument《新工具》NewAtlantis《新大溪岛》AdvancementofLearning《学术的推进》
Professionals:
MaximsoftheLaw《法律格言》
3)戏剧
a.ChristopherMarlowe:
UniversityWits大学才子派
Firstmadeblankverse(无韵诗:
不押韵的五步诗)theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdrama
TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》
TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》:
根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。
TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》:
残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b.WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&诗人,1564-1616):
154sonnets(十四行诗)+38plays+2longpoems
16comedies:
MerchantofVenice(Shylock;Antonio;Bassanio;Portia);TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》
AMid-SummerNight’sDream;AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;TheTwelfthNight;TheComedyofErrors;
MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》;TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;AllisWellthatEndsWell《终成眷属》
11tragedies:
RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Macbeth《麦克白》;TheTempest《暴风雨》
Othello:
aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;VeniceandCyprus
KingLear:
BritishKing;greatestachievement;mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful
10historicalplays:
HenryIV;HenryV
c.BenJonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家):
称之为“马洛式的雄浑诗行”(Marlowesmightyline)
Comedy:
EveryManinHisHumor《人人高兴》,《福尔蓬奈》(Volpone)。
Satiricalcomedy讽刺喜剧:
Volpone《狐狸》,TheAlchemist《炼金术士》
Comedyofmanners风尚喜剧:
EdyofManners《人性互异》
d.JonsonWebsterTheWhiteDevil;TheDuchessofMalfi
三、17世纪文学
1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)资产阶级革命时期:
poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)
a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631):
玄学派创始人;AValediction:
ForbiddingMourning《临别辞:
莫悲伤》
文风:
obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoul
TheHolySonnets;TheFlea;GoandCatchaFallingStar;TheSongsandSonnets(主题-爱)
b.JohnMilton(弥尔顿1608-1674):
RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)
ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;ParadiseLost《失乐园》:
thegreatestEnglishepic;Satanisthehero
SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》:
closetdrama;forreadingratherthanperforming;
OnHisBlindness《目盲自咏》;Areopagitica《论出版自由》;Comus;L’allegro《快乐的人》;Lycidas
c.JohnBunyan(班扬1628-1688):
prosewritinginthePuritanAge;文风:
simpleandlivelyprosestyle
ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》:
proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:
tendencytoRealismandFormalismrestorationliterature:
cliquishculture小集团文化;Frenchclassicaltaste
JohnDryden(德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&戏剧家):
firstpoetlaureate(桂冠诗人);thefatherofEnglishCriticism
establishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史诗式两行诗)asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(说教)anddescriptive(描写)poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词;他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
AllforLove;Alexander’sFeast;AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗歌》
四、18世纪英国文学:
Realism(关注社会现状,普通人)
1)18世纪上半期的新古典主义TheNeoclassicalPeriod
a.SamuelPepys(毕博思1633-1703):
Thegreatestdiaristin17thCTheDiary
b.AlexanderPope(蒲柏1688-1744):
新古典主义代表;masterinsatireandheroiccouplet
文风:
词句工整、精练、富有哲理;对Byron影响巨大firstintroducedrationalismtoEngland
作品:
AnEssayonCriticism(处女作);AnEssayonMan;Odyssey;TheRapeoftheLock《夺发记》;Dunciad《愚人记》
c.RichardSteele(斯梯尔1672-1729)&JosephAddison(艾迪生1672-1719):
literaryperiodicals
TheTattler(闲谈者报):
1709,bySteele;Addisonwroteessays;抨击封建偏见,傲慢的富人,及大众对赌博和决斗的反感
TheSpectator(旁观者报):
共同创办;theSpectatorClub---现代英语小说先锋
贡献:
资产阶级新社会道德;18世纪英国社会真实写照;英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d.SamuelJohnson(字典约翰1709-1784):
literarydictator;“grandchampioninliteratureofthatage”
TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:
英语字典的基础;TheLivesofEnglishpoets:
52earlyEnglishpoets
2)十八世纪中期小说的崛起:
首批英国小说家–theSentimentalist&theRealist
*现实主义
a.DanielDefoe(笛福1661-1731):
FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovels
MollFlanders,TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe,AJournalofthePlagueYear
b.HenryFielding(菲尔丁1707-1754,小说家&戏剧家):
英国小说之父;英国现代小说创始人;comicepicinprose创始人
JosephAndrews;Amelia;TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》;Mr.Allworthy“ProseHumor”
c.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特1667-1745,政论家&讽刺小说家):
伟大文学创造者之一;masterofEnglishsatiricalprose
文风:
simple,clearandvigor;“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionsofastyle”
Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》:
Liliput(小人国);Brogdingnagians(大人国);Laputa(勒普泰岛);Houyhnhnms(慧马国)
TheBattleoftheBooks;TheTaleofaTub;AModestProposal(bitterirony)
d.TobiasGeorgeSmollett(1721-1771):
《罗德里克道登历险记))(TheAdventuresofRoderickRandom);《汉弗莱·克林克》(ExpeditionofHumphryClinker)
*Sentimentalism(感伤主义):
a.SamuelRichardson(理查森1689-1761):
thefounderoftheEnglishdomesticnovel小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”
Pamela;Clarissa;TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandison
b.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩1713-1768):
LifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy《项狄传》-unusualandqueerartisticform
c.OliverGoldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774):
Romanticschool;TheDesertedVillage《荒村》;ShestoopstoConquer
TheVicarofWakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》:
oneofthemostenduringcharactersinEnglishfiction
3)PoetryofthePre-RomanticismandSentimentalism(前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌):
18世纪中期
a.JamesThomson(汤姆森1700-1748苏格兰):
TheSeasons:
theme-nature;blankverse;thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofPre-Romanticism
b.EdwardYoung(杨1683-1765)
Busiris;TheRevenge;TheUniversalPassion;TheComplaintorNightThoughtsonLife,DeathandImmortality;TheBrothers
c.WilliamCollins(柯林斯1721-1759):
OdetoEvening《晚颂》
d.ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771):
sympathyforthepoorandunknown,mocksthegreatoneswhodespiseandhurtthem
ElergyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》;OdeontheSpring
e.WilliamBlake(布莱克1757-1827浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家):
TheMarriageofHeavenandHell
SongsofExperience《经验之歌》:
TheTiger;London;TheChimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶
SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》:
TheLambPoeticalSketches《素描诗集》
f.RobertBurns(彭斯1759-1796苏格兰):
thegreatestsongwriter;thenationalpoetofScotland;thepeople’spoet
文风:
lyricsonloveandfriendship;simplicity;Scotchdialects
MyHeart’sintheHighland;ARed,RedRose;AuldLangSyne《旧日美好时光》;Fora’Thatanda’That《不管那一套》
4)戏剧
a.JohnGay(盖伊1685-1732):
TheBeggar’sOpera《乞丐歌剧》:
oneofthemostconspicuousstagetriumphs
b.RichardBrinsleySheridan(谢立丹1751-1816喜剧作家):
TheRivals《情敌》;TheSchoolforScandal《造谣学校》:
bestEnglishcomedysinceShakespeare
五、TheRomanticPeriod英国浪漫主义文学(1798-1832)19世纪上半期
1)诗歌–Lakers/LakePoets(湖畔诗人,第一代):
Wordsworth,Coleridge&Southey-worshipperofnature
a.WilliamWordsworth(华兹华斯1770-1850):
PoetLaureate
LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》:
LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey《丁登寺杂咏》;
LinesWritteninEarlySpring英国浪漫主义开端
ThePrelude《序曲》;TheSolitaryReaper《孤独的割麦女》;IWanderedLonelyasaCloud;
ComposeduponWestminsterBridge;LucyPoems;MyHeartLeapsUp;TotheCuckoo《致布谷鸟》
b.SamuelTaylorColeridge(柯勒律治1772-1834):
poetandliterarycritic;
Kubla