6英语六级真题和详细答案.docx

6英语六级真题和详细答案.docx

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6英语六级真题和详细答案

PartIWriting（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashort　essayonlivinginthevirtualworld.Trytoimaginewhatwillhappenwhenpeoplespendmoreandmoretimeinthevirtualworldinsteadofinteractingintherealworld.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.

Theroboticsrevolutionissettobringhumansfacetofacewithanoldfear-man-madecreationsassmartandcapableaswearewithoutamoralcompass.Asrobotstakeonevermorecomplexroles,thequestionnaturally_____（27）.Whowillberesponsiblewhentheydosomethingwrong?

Manufacturers?

Users?

Softwarewriters?

Theanswerdependsontherobot.

Robotsalreadysaveustime,moneyandenergy.Inthefuture,theywillimproveourhealthcare,socialwelfareandstandardofliving.The_____（28）ofcomputationalpowerandengineeringadvanceswill_____（29）enablelower-costin-homecareforthedisabled,_____（30）useofdriverlesscarsthatmayreducedrunkanddistracted-drivingaccidentsandcountlesshomeandservice-industryusesfromstreetcleaningtofoodpreparation.

Butthereare_____（31）tobeproblems.Robotcarswillcrash.Adrone（遥控飞行器）operatorwill_____（32）someone'sprivacy.Aroboticlawnmower（割草机）willrunoveraneighbor'scat.Juriessympathetictothe_____（33）ofmachineswillpunishentrepreneurswithcompany-crushing_____（34）anddamagesWhatshouldgovernmentdotoprotectpeoplewhile_____（35）,spaceforinnovation?

Big.complicatedsystemsonwhichmuchpublicsafetydepends,likedriverlesscars,shouldbebuilt_____（36）andsoldbymanufacturerswhotakeresponsibilityforensuringsafetyandareliableforaccidents.Governmentsshouldsetsafetyrequirementsandthenletinsurerspricetheriskoftherobotsbasedonthemanufacturer'sdrivingrecord.notthepassenger's.

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

ReformandMedicalCosts

[A]Americanaredeeplyconcernedabouttherelentlessriseinhealthcarecostsandhealthinsurancepremiums.Theyneedtoknowifreformwillhelpsolvetheproblem.Theansweristhatnooncehasaneasyfixrisingmedicalcosts.Thefundamentalfix—reshapinghowcareisdeliveredandhowdoctorsarepaidinawasteful,abnormalsystem—islikelytobeaachievedonlythroughtrialandincremental（渐进的）gains.

[B]ThegoodnewsisthatabilljustapprovedbytheHouseandabillapprovedbytheSenateFinanceCommitteewouldimplementortestmanyreformsthatshouldhelpslowtheriseinmedicalcostsoverthelongterm.AsreportinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicineconcluded."PrettymucheveryproposedinnovationfoundinthehealthpolicyIiteraturethesedaysiscontainedinthesemeasures."

[C]Medicalspending,whichtypicallyrisesfasterthanwagesandtheoveralleconomy,ispropelledbytwothings:

thehighpriceschargedformedicalservicesinthiscountryandthevolumeofunnecessarycaredeliveredbydoctorsandhospitals,whichoftenperformalotmoretestsandtreatmentsthanpatientreallyneeds.

[D]HerearesomeoftheimportantproposalsintheHouseandSenatebillstotrytoaddressthoseproblem,andwhyitishardtoknowhowwelltheywillwork.

[E]BothbillswouldreducetherateofgrowthinannualMedicarepaymentstohospital,nursinghomesandotherprovidersbyamountscomparabletotheproductivitysavingsroutinelymadeinotherindustrieswiththehelpofnewtechnologiesandnewwaystoorganizework.ThisproposalcouldsaveMedicaremorethan$100billionoverthenextdecade.Ifprivateplansdemandedsimilarproductivitysavingsfromproviders,andrefusedtoletprovidersshiftadditionalcoststothem,thesavingscouldbemuchlarger.CriticssayCongresswillgiveintolobbyistsandletinefficientprovideroffthehook（放过）.ThatisfarlesslikelytohappenifCongressalsoadoptsstrong"pay-go"rulesrequiringthatanyincreaseinpaymentstoprovidersbeoffsetbynewtaxesorbudgecuts.

[F]TheSenateFinancebillwouldimposeanexcisetax（消费税）onhealthinsuranceplansthatcostmorethan$8,000foranindividualor$21,000forafamily.ItwouldmostlikelycauseInsurestoredesignplanstofallbeneaththethreshould.Enrolleeswouldhavetopaymoremoneyformanyservicesoutoftheirownpockets,andthatwouldencouragethemtothinktwiceaboutwhetheranexpensiveorredundanttestwasworthit.Economistsprojectthatmostemployerswouldshiftmoneyfromexpensivehealthbenefitsintowages,TheHousebillhasnosimilartax.Thefinallegislationshould.

[G]Anydoctorwhohaswrestledwithmultipleformsfromdifferentinsurers,orpatientswhohavetriedtounderstandtheirownparadeofstatements,knowthatsimplificationoughttosavemoney.Whenthehealthinsuranceindustrywasstillcooperatinginreformefforts,itstradegroupofferedtoprovidestandardizedformsforautomatedprocessing.Itestimatedthatstepwouldsavehundredsofbillionsofdollarsoverthenextdecade.Thebillswouldlockthatpledgeintolaw.

[H]Thestimuluspackageprovidedmoneytoconverttheinefficient,paper-drivenmedicalsystemtoelectronicrecordsthatcanbeeasilyviewedandtransmitted.Thisrequiresopeninvestmentstohelpdoctorsconvert.Intimeitshouldhelprestraincostsbyeliminatingredundanttest,preventingdruginteractions,andhelpingdoctorsfindthebesttreatments.

[I]Virtuallyallexpertsagreethatthefee-for-servicesystem—doctorsarerewardedforthatthecostofcareissohigh.Mostagreethatthesolutionistopushdoctorstoacceptfixedpaymentstocareforaparticularillnessorforapatient'sneedsoverayear.Nooneknowshowtomakethathappenquickly.ThebillsinbothhouseswouldstartpilotprojectswithinMedicare.Theyincludesuchmeasuresasaccountablecareorganizationstotakechargeofapatient'sneedswithaneyeonbothcostandquality,andchronicdiseasemanagementtomakesuretheseriouslyill,whoareresponsibleforthebulkofallhealthcarecosts,aretreatedproperly.Forthemostpart,theseexperimentsrelyonincentivepaymentstogetdoctorstotrythem.

[J]Testinginnovationsdonogoodunlessthegoodexperimentsareidentifiedandexpandedandthebadonesarcdropped.TheSenatebillwouldcreateanindependentcommissiontomonitorthepilotprogramsandrecommendchangesinMedicare'spaymentpoliciestourgeproviderstoadoptreformsthatwork.ThechangeswouldhavetobeapprovedorrejectedasawholebyCongress,makingithardfornarrow-interestlobbiestobendlawmakerstotheirwill.

[K]Thebillsinbothchamberswouldcreatehealthinsuranceexchangesonwhichsmallbusinessesandindividualscouldchoosefromanarrayofprivateplansandpossiblyapublicoption.Alltheplanswouldhavetoprovidestandardbenefitpackagesthatwouldbeeasytocompare.Togetaccesstomillionsofnewcustomers,insureswouldhaveastrongincentivetosellontheexchange.Andthehead-to-headcompetitionmightgivethemastrongincentivetolowertheirprices,perhapsbyacceptingslimmerprofitmarginsordemandingbetterdealsfromproviders.

[L]Thefinallegislationmightthrowapublicplanintothecompetition,butthankstothefierceoppositionoftheinsuranceindustryandRepublicancritics,itmightnotsavemuchmoney.TheoneintheHousebillwouldhavetonegotiaterateswithproviders,ratherthanusingMedicarerates,asmanyreformerswanted.

[M]Thepresident'sstimuluspackageispumpingmoneyintoresearchtocomparehowwellvarioustreatmentswork.Issurgery,radiationorcarefulmonitoringbestforprostate（前列腺）cancer?

Isthelatestandmostexpensivecholesterol-loweringdruganybetterthanitscommoncompetitors?

Thependingbillswouldspendadditionalmoneytoacceleratethiseffort.

[N]Criticshavechargedthatthissensibleideawouldleadtorationingofcare.（Thatwouldbetrueonlyifyoubelievethatpatientsshouldhaveanunrestrainedrighttotreatmentsproventobeinferior.）Asaresult,thebillsdonotrequires,astheyshould,thattheresultsofthesestudiesbeusedtosetpaymentratesinMedicare.

[O]CongressneedstofindthecouragetoallowMedicaretopaypreferentiallyfortreatmentsproventobesuperior.Sometimesthebesttreatmentmightbethemostexpensive.Butoverall,wesuspectthatspendingwouldcomedownthrougheliminationofalotofunnecessaryorevendangeroustestsandtreatments.

[P]TheHousebillwouldauthorizethesecretaryofhealthandhumanservicestonegotiatedrugpricesinMedicareandMedicaid.Someauthoritativeanalystsdoubtthatthesecretarywouldgetbetterdealsthanprivateinsurersalreadyget.Webelievenegotiationcouldwork.Itdoesinothercountries.

[Q]Missingfromthesebillsisanyseriousattempttoreininmalpracticecosts.Malpracticeawardsdodriveupinsurancepremiumsfordoctorsinhigh-riskspecialties,andthereissomeevidencedoctorsengagein"defensivemedicine"byperformingtestsandtreatmentsprimarilytoprovetheyarenotnegligentshouldtheygetsued.

ataximposedonexpensivehealthinsuranceplans,mostemployerswilllikelytransfermoneyfromhealthexpensesintowages.

inpolicywouldbeapprovedorrejectedasawho