Panzer IV.docx

Panzer IV.docx

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PanzerIV

PanzerIV

FromWikipedia：

http:

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_iv

本贴目录：

主题：

英文原文

第01楼：

修改纪录

第02楼：

译文

第03楼：

补充资料及译文

第04楼：

个人看法

第05楼：

补充图片之设计样车

第06楼：

补充图片之量产型号

第07楼：

补充图片之变型－特种坦克

第08楼：

补充图片之变型－辅助车辆

第09楼：

补充图片之变型－自行火炮

第10楼：

补充图片之变型－自行高炮

第11楼：

补充图片之后期样车－特种坦克

第12楼：

补充图片之后期样车－辅助车辆

第13楼：

补充图片之后期样车－自行火炮

第14楼：

补充图片之后期样车－自行高炮

第15楼：

补充图片之－碉堡及模型

第16楼：

中肯意见

资料来源：

主题－英文原文：

http:

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_iv

第3楼－补充文字资料：

http:

//www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_panzer_IV.html#4

第05至第14楼－补充图片：

第15楼－补充图片之碉堡：

http:

//old.vagabond.bg/index.php?

page=akcent&id=275

ThePanzerkampfwagenIV（Pz.Kpfw.IV）,commonlyknownasthePanzerIV,wasamediumtankdevelopedinNaziGermanyinthelate1930sandusedextensivelyduringtheSecondWorldWar.ItsordnanceinventorydesignationwasSd.Kfz.161.

Designedasaninfantry-supporttank,thePanzerIVwasnotoriginallyintendedtoengageenemyarmor—thatfunctionwasperformedbythelighterPanzerIII.However,withtheflawsofpre-wardoctrinebecomingapparentandinthefaceofSovietT-34tanks,thePanzerIVsoonassumedthetank-fightingroleofitsincreasinglyobsolescentcousin.ThemostwidelymanufacturedanddeployedGermantankoftheSecondWorldWar,thePanzerIVwasusedasthebaseformanyotherfightingvehicles,includingtankdestroyersandself-propelledanti-aircraftguns.Robustandreliable,itsawserviceinallcombattheatersinvolvingGermany,andhasthedistinctionofbeingtheonlyGermantanktoremainincontinuousproductionthroughoutthewar,withover8,800producedbetween1936and1945.Upgradesanddesignmodifications,oftenmadeinresponsetotheappearanceofnewAlliedtanks,extendeditsservicelife.GenerallytheseinvolvedincreasingthePanzerIV'sarmorprotectionorupgradingitsweapons,althoughduringthelastmonthsofthewarwithGermany'spressingneedforrapidreplacementoflosses,designchangesalsoincludedretrogrademeasurestosimplifyandspeedmanufacture.

ThePanzerIVwasthemostwidelyexportedtankinGermanservice,witharound300soldtopartnerssuchasFinland,Romania,SpainandBulgaria.Afterthewar,theFrenchandSpanishsolddozensofPanzerIVstoSyria,wheretheysawcombatinthe1967Six-DayWar.

Contents

[hide]

•1Developmenthistory

◦1.1Ausf.AtoAusf.F

◦1.2Ausf.GtoAusf.J

•2Production

•3Export

•4Combathistory

◦4.1WesternFrontandNorthAfrica（1939–1942）

◦4.2EasternFront（1941–1945）

◦4.3WesternFront（1944–1945）

◦4.4Post-1945

•5Variants

•6Seealso

•7Notes

•8References

Developmenthistory

ThePanzerIVwasthebrainchildofGermangeneralandinnovativearmoredwarfaretheoristHeinzGuderian.[3]Inconcept,itwasintendedtobeasupporttankforuseagainstenemyanti-tankgunsandfortifications.[4]Ideally,thetankbattalionsofapanzerdivisionwereeachtohavethreemediumcompaniesofPanzerIIIsandoneheavycompanyofPanzerIVs.[5]On11January1934,theGermanarmywrotethespecificationsfora"mediumtractor",andissuedthemtoanumberofdefensecompanies.TosupportthePanzerIII,whichwouldbearmedwitha37millimetres（1.46in）anti-tankgun,thenewvehiclewouldhaveashort-barrelled75millimetres（2.95in）howitzerasitsmaingun,andwasallottedaweightlimitof24tonnes（26.46shorttons）.DevelopmentwascarriedoutunderthenameBegleitwagen（"accompanyingvehicle"）[6],orBW,todisguiseitsactualpurpose,giventhatGermanywasstilltheoreticallyboundbytheTreatyofVersailles.[7]MAN,Krupp,andRheinmetall-Borsigeachdevelopedprototypes,[5]withKrupp'sbeingselectedforfurtherdevelopment.[8]

Thechassishadoriginallybeendesignedwithasix-wheeledinterleavedsuspension,buttheGermanArmyamendedthistoatorsionbarsystem.Permittinggreaterverticaldeflectionoftheroadwheels,thiswasintendedtoimproveperformanceandcrewcomfortbothon-andoff-road.[8][9]However,duetotheurgentrequirementforthenewtank,neitherproposalwasadopted,andKruppinsteadequippeditwithaleafspringdouble-bogiesuspension.

Theprototyperequiredacrewoffivemen;thehullcontainedtheenginebaytotherear,withthedriverandradiooperator,whodoubledasthehullmachinegunner,seatedatthefront-leftandfront-right,respectively.Intheturret,thetankcommandersatbeneathhisroofhatch,whilethegunnerwassituatedtotheleftofthegunbreechandtheloadertotheright.Theturretwasoffset66.5mm（2.62in）totheleftofthechassiscenterline,whiletheenginewasmoved152.4mm（6.00in）totheright.Thisallowedthetorqueshafttocleartherotarybasejunction,whichprovidedelectricalpowertoturntheturret,whileconnectingtothetransmissionboxmountedinthehullbetweenthedriverandradiooperator.Duetotheasymmetriclayout,therightsideofthetankcontainedthebulkofitsstowagevolume,whichwastakenupbyready-useammunitionlockers.[8]

AcceptedintoserviceastheVersuchskraftfahrzeug622（Vs.Kfz.622）,[7]productionbeganin1936atKrupp-GrusonwerkeAG'sfactoryatMagdeburg.[10]

[edit]Ausf.AtoAusf.F

PzKpfwIVAusf.D

Thefirstmass-producedversionofthePanzerIVwastheAusführung,A（abbreviatedtoAusf.Ameaning"BatchA"）,in1936.ItwaspoweredbyMaybach'sHL108TR,producing250PS（183.87kW）,andusedtheSGR75transmissionwithfiveforwardgearsandonereverse,[11]achievingamaximumroadspeedof31kilometresperhour（19.26mph）.[12]Asmainarmament,thevehiclemountedtheKampfwagenkanone37L/24（KwK37L/24）75mm（2.95in）tankgun,whichwasalow-velocitygundesignedtomainlyfirehigh-explosiveshells.[13]Againstarmoredtargets,firingthePanzergranate（armor-piercingshell）at430metrespersecond（1,410ft/s）theKwK37couldpenetrate43millimetres（1.69in）,inclinedat30degrees,atrangesofupto700metres（2,300ft）.[14]A7.92mm（0.31in）MG34machinegunwasmountedcoaxiallywiththemaingunintheturret,whileasecondmachinegunofthesametypewasmountedinthefrontplateofthehull.[8]TheAusf.Awasprotectedby14.5mm（0.57in）ofsteelarmoronthefrontplateofthechassis,and20mm（0.79in）ontheturret.Thiswascapableonlyofstoppingartilleryfragments,small-armsfire,andlightanti-tankprojectiles.[15]

Aftermanufacturing35tanksoftheAversion,in1937productionmovedtotheAusf.B.[7]Improvementsincludedthereplacementoftheoriginalenginewiththemorepowerful300PS（220.65kW）MaybachHL120TR,andthetransmissionwiththenewSSG75transmission,withsixforwardgearsandonereversegear.Despiteaweightincreaseto16t（18shorttons）,thisimprovedthetank'sspeedto39kilometresperhour（24mph）.[16]Theglacisplatewasaugmentedtoamaximumthicknessof30millimetres（1.18in）,[15]andthehull-mountedmachinegunwasreplacedbyacoveredpistolport.Forty-twoPanzerIVAusf.BsweremanufacturedbeforetheintroductionoftheAusf.Cin1938.[7][17]Thissawtheturretarmorincreasedto30mm（1.18in）,whichbroughtthetank'sweightto18.14t（20.00shorttons）.[17]Afterassembling40Ausf.Cs,startingwithchassisnumber80341theenginewasreplacedwiththeimprovedHL120TRM.Thelastofthe140Ausf.CswasproducedinAugust1939,andproductionchangedtotheAusf.D;thisvariant,ofwhich248vehicleswereproduced,reintroducedthehullmachinegunandchangedtheturret'sinternalgunmantlettoanexternalone.[17]Againprotectionwasupgraded,thistimebyincreasingsidearmorto20mm（0.79in）.[13]AstheGermaninvasionofPolandinSeptember1939cametoanend,itwasdecidedtoscaleupproductionofthePanzerIV,whichwasadoptedforgeneraluseon27September1939astheSonderkraftfahrzeug161（Sd.Kfz.161）.[7]

InSeptember1940theAusf.Ewasintroduced.Thishad50millimetres（1.97in）ofarmoronthebowplate,whilea30-millimetre（1.18in）appliquésteelplatewasaddedtotheglacisasaninterimmeasure.Finally,thecommander'scupolawasmovedforwardintotheturret.OldermodelPanzerIVtankswereretrofittedwiththesefeatureswhenreturnedtothemanufacturerforservicing.[17]Twohundredandtwenty-threeAusf.EswereproducedbetweenSeptember1940andApril1941.[citationneeded]

InApril1941productionofthePanzerIVAusf.Fstarted.Itfeatured50mm（1.97in）single-platearmorontheturretandhull,asopposedtotheappliquéarmoraddedtotheAusf.E,[17]andafurtherincreaseinsidearmorto30mm（1.18in）.[18]Theweightofthevehiclewasnow22.3tonnes（24.6shorttons）,whichrequiredacorrespondingmodificationoftrackwidthfrom380to400mm（14.96to15.75in）toreducegroundpressure.Thewidertracksalsofacilitatedthefittingoficesprags,andtherearidlerwheelandfrontsprocketweremodified.[19]Atotalof464Ausf.FswereproducedfromApril1941toMarch1942.[citationneeded]OnMay26,1941,mereweeksbeforeOperationBarbarossa,duringaconferencewithHitler,itwasdecidedtoimprovethePanzerIV'smainarmament.Kruppwasawardedthecontracttointegratea50mm（1.97in）Pak38L/60gunintotheturretandtodeliverthefirstprototypebyNovember15,1941.[20]

TheshockofencounteringtheSovietT-34mediumandKV-1heavytanksduringthefirstmonthsofOperationBarbarossainthesummerof1941necessitatedanewtankguntomeetthesethreats.[21]InresponsetothedifficultyofpenetratingBritishMatildaInfantrytanksduringtheBattleofFrance,theGermanshadearlierinstalleda50mm（1.97in）L/60gun—basedonthe5cmPaK38anti-tankgun—onaPanzerIVAusf.D.However,withtherapidGermanvictoryinRussia,theoriginalorderof80tankswascanceledbeforetheyenteredproduction.[22]InNovember1941,thedecisiontoup-gunth