石化英语词汇表.docx
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石化英语词汇表
A
Accumulation:
Quantityofhydrocarbons(oilandnaturalgas)foundinthereservoirrockinanoilorgasfield.
Albian:
Theoldestterrainfromthesecondary(alsocalled"Cretaceous")era.
Alkylation:
Achemicalreactionthatconsistsinfixinganalkylradical(formula:
CnH2n+1)ontoamolecule.Thistechniqueisusedinrefiningtoproducehighoctanegasolinescomprising8atomsfromgassymoleculescontaining4atoms.
Aminoacids:
Fundamentalconstituentsofproteins,withbothanacidandabasalfunction.
Appraisalwell:
Awelldrilledinordertoevaluatethecharacteristicsofafield.
Assistedrecovery:
Setoftechniquesforincreasingtheproductivityofafield.
Associatedgas:
Gasespresentinthereservoirrock.
Atom:
Particleofachemicalelementformingthesmallestunitcapableofcombiningwithanother.
B
Bacteria:
Single-cellmicroorganism.Bacteriaareneithervegetablenoranimal,formingadistinctkingdomontheirown.
Ballasttank:
Atankintendedtobefilledwithseawatertokeepfloatingequipmentstable
Barrel:
Abbr.bar.,bbl,bbl.,bl.Unitofvolumeofcrudeoil(approximately159liters)inuseintheoilindustry,especiallyintheUSAandtheUK.Datesbacktothedaysofsailingships,whenoilwasshippedincasks.
Bit:
Toolusedindrillingtobreakuprockmechanicallyinordertopenetratethesubsoilgradually.Thebitwilldigacircularhole.
Blowoutpreventer(BOP):
Awelldrilledinordertoevaluatethecharacteristicsofafield.
C
Carbon:
Verycommonelement(C)presentinalllivingbeings.
Casing:
Setofsteeltubularelementsusedtolinetheinnerwallofadrillhole,toconsolidateit.Thecasingissecuredbycementingtheannularspacebetweentheholewallandthecasing.Eachtimeatubingisinstalled,thewelldiameterisreduced,sothatthetubinginawellformsatelescopicassembly.Thetubeshaveastandardlengthofninemeters,andareassembledbythreadedsleeves.
Catalysts:
Chemicalcompoundsthatfacilitateorpromoteareactionbytheirpresenceoraction.
Catalyticcracking:
Thisconversionoperationtakesplaceatveryhightemperatures(500°Celsius)inthepresenceofacatalyst.Itservestobreakuplargehydrocarbonmoleculesintosmallerones.
Cell:
Fundamentalunitoflivingbeings,generallyconsistingofamembranewhichsurroundsthecytoplasmcontainingthenucleus.
Cementing:
Injectionofcementintotheannulus(space)betweenthecasingandthewellwalltoconsolidatethelatterandreducedwaterinfluxes.
Centrifugal:
Tendingtomoveawayfromthecenter.Theoppositeis"centripetal",meaning"center-seeking".
Christmastree:
Oilindustrytermfor"wellhead".
Completion(well):
Alloperations(tubing,installationofvalves,wellhead,etc.)tobringaproductionwellintooperation.
Concession(oilorgas):
Deedentitlingholdertoproducefromand/orexploreastipulatedtractoflandfollowingdiscoveryofacommercialreservoir.
Conversion:
Thisstageintherefiningprocessconsistsin"breakingup"thelargemoleculesintosmalleronesinordertoproducelightercompounds.Processesinvolvedincludecatalyticcrackingandviscosityreduction(visbreaking).
Core:
Seecore-sampling.
Core-sampling(orcoring):
Duringdrilling,cylindricalsamplesofrockknownas"coresamples"areremovedinordertostudythecharacteristicsoftheterrain.
Crudeoil:
Unrefinedoil.
Crust(earth's):
Surfacelayeroftheearth(downtoadepthofNmeters)
D
Deck(ofaplatform):
Horizontalsurfaceplacedonajacket,supportingthefacilitiesnecessaryforproducingoil.
Delta:
Alluvialdepositsatarivermouth.
Density:
Ratioofthemassofagivenvolumeofasubstancetothemassofanequivalentvolumeofwater.
Derrick:
Metaltowererectedverticallyaboveawellforthepurposeofliftingandloweringtubesandtoolsintothewell.
Derrick-man:
Memberofthedrillingcrewwhoworksatthetopofthederrick.
Desalting:
Removalofsaltfromcrudeoil.Desaltingispreferablyperformedpriortocommercializationofthecrude,andmustbeperformedpriortorefining.
Development:
Alloperationsandmeasuresundertakentobringareservoirintoproduction.
Diamond-tipped(tools):
Drill-bitorothertoolwhosecutting-edgehasbeenhardenedwithmanmadediamonds.
Directionaldrilling:
Themostcommondrillingdirectionisvertical,buttheremaybevariousreasonsfordrillingobliquely.
Discharge(ofoil):
Actionofroutingoilfromthewellstothedischargeflanges.
Discoverywell:
Awellinwhichanoilfieldisdiscoveredduringexploration.
Distillation:
Thisconsistsinconvertingaliquidintovapor,thencondensingtheresultingvaporbacktointoliquidinordertoseparateliquidsfromnonvolatilesolids.Separationtakesplaceaccordingtotheboilingrangeofeachoftheliquid'sconstituents.
Drillingforeman:
Anexperiencedworkerwhooperatesthewellderrickandoverseesthedrillingcrew.
Drillingsuperintendent:
Responsiblefortheproperexecutionofwell-drillingoperations.
Drill:
Makingaholebymeansofwhatevermechanism.
Drillstring:
Setofdrillingtools,comprisingpipesconnectedtoeachother,thebit,andthedifferenttools.Indrilling,thedrillstringisrotatedbytherotarytable.
Drillingmud:
Mixtureofwaterandspecialadditivescirculatingwithinthewellforthepurposeof:
∙coolingthedrill-bit
∙removingrockcuttingsandtransportingthembackuptothesurface
∙preventingthewellwallfromcavingin
∙maintainingsufficientpressureatthewellbottomtoavoidhydrocarbonblowout
Dynamicpositioning:
Setofmeansforautomaticallykeepingashipconstantlyatadeterminedposition,withneitherchainsnorcables,butusingitsownpropulsionsystemonly.
Dynamically-positionedship:
Adrillingshipequippedwithseveralcomputer-activatedpropellerstokeeptheshiponstation.
E
Echosounder:
Deviceusedtocalculatethedistanceofanobstaclebasedonthetimeasoundwavetakestotraveltotheobstacleandback.
Effluent:
Mixtureofoil,gas,waterandsanddischargedfromawell.
Electron:
Anelementaryparticlecarryinganegativeelectriccharge.Anelectron'smassisnegligiblecomparedwiththatofprotonsandneutrons.
Enhancedrecovery:
Recoverytechniquesdesignedtoextractmorehydrocarbonsfromareservoirbyphysical,chemicalorthermalmeans.
Equipping(awell):
Installinginstrumentationtomonitoreventsinaproducingwell.
Exploration:
Anymethodusedtodiscovernewoilandgasfields.
Explorationwell:
Welldrilledtofindanoilfield.
F
Field:
Setofporousrockscontaininghydrocarbons.
Field:
Termusedtodesignateareservoiranditsattendantoilorgasproduction,treatmentandremovalinstallations.
Field(magnetic):
Zonesinwhichamagneticeffectisobservable.
Flarebleeder:
Deviceforevacuatingandburningunusedgases.
Flowbean:
Calibratedorificeusedtomeasureeffluentflow.
Floor-manorslip-puller:
Memberofthedrillingcrewwhoworksonthederrickfloor.
G
Gascap:
Upperportionofreservoirrockofagas-containingfield.Thegasextractedduringoilproductionissometimesinjectedintothegascapinordertoboosthydrocarbonrecovery.
Gear:
Toothedwheel.
Genesis:
NameofthefirstbookoftheOldTestamentand,byextension,thewayinwhichsomething(e.g.oil)isformed.
Geologist:
Scientistwhostudiesthestructureandevolutionoftheearth'scrust.
Geophone:
Acousticalsensorforcollectingreflectedwaves,inseismicexploration.
Geophysicist:
Scientistwhostudiesthephysicalpropertiesoftheearth.
Gravimetry:
Measureoftheintensityofgravity,usedbygeophysicists.
Gravity:
Forceattractingbodiestowardthecenteroftheearth.
H
Helium:
Elementarygas(chemicalsymbolHe)consistingoftwoelectronsrevolvingaboutanucleuscomprisingtwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.
Horizontaldrilling:
Extremeformofdirectionaldrilling,inwhichtheholeisdrilledalongahorizontalstratum.
Hydrocarbon:
Chemicalcompoundformedonlyofcarbonandhydrogen.
Hydrogen:
Simplesubstance(H),generallyfoundinthegaseousstate.Itisthelightestofallgases.Combinedwithoxygen,itmakeswater;andwithcarbons,itmakeshydrocarbons.
Hydrophone:
Acousticalsensorusedforcollectingreflectedwavesinseismicexplorationatsea.
I
Injectionwell:
Wellusedtoinjectwaterorgas,inordertomaintainafieldatpressureorbringitbackunderpressure.
Isochrone(curve):
Alineonamaporchartconnectingpointsatwhichaneventoccurssimultaneouslyorwhichrepresentthesametimeortimedifference.
Izomerisation:
Thechemicalprocessbywhichacompoundistransformedintoanyofitsisomericforms,i.e.amoleculewhoseelementarycompositionisidentical,butwithadifferentatomicstructureorconfiguration.Twocompoundsaresaidtobeidenticaliftheyhavethesamecrudeformulabuthavedifferentdevelopedformulae.
J
Jacket:
Steelstructureplacedontheseabedwithadecksupportingdrillingand/orproductionfacilities.
Jetfuel:
Afuelusedinaircraft.Jetfuelisobtainedbydistillationandsweetening.Thelatterremovesalltraceofmercaptans(verylightmoleculescontainingsulfuratoms).Jetfuelisawhiteproduct,so-calledbecauseitistransparent.
K
Kick-off(deflected)well:
Wellwhoseorientationandinclinationaredeterminedtoreachanareanotdirectlybelowthewell.
L
Lake:
Naturalinlandstretchoffreshorsometimessaltwater.
Lagoon:
Stretchofseawaterbetweenthemainlandandthecoast.
Loadingflange:
Installationsrequiredtoexportcrudeoiltoarefinery.
M
Magnetic(seefields):
Areainwhichmagneticphenomenaoccur.
Magnetometry:
Magneticfieldmeasurementsbygeologists.
Manifold:
Setofpipesandvalvesdirectingtheeffluentorproductionintofaciliti