高二化学复习下册High school chemistry review 2.docx

高二化学复习下册High school chemistry review 2.docx

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高二化学复习下册Highschoolchemistryreview2

高二化学复习下册（Highschoolchemistryreview2）

Fourthchapterhydrocarbon

AlkanehydrocarbonsCnH2n+2

OlefinhydrocarbonCnH2n（n=2）C=C

AlkyneCnH2n-2（n=2）C=C

Aromatichydrocarbons:

benzenehomologueCnH2n-6（n=6）

（1）thereasonsforawidevarietyoforganiccompounds:

1.carbonatomscombine4covalentbondswithotheratoms;between2.carbonandcarbonatomsformavarietyofchainandringorganiccompounds;3.isomerism

（2）organicmatter:

mostcarboncontainingcompounds

（3）hydrocarbons:

compoundscontainingonlyCandHelements

Section1methane

1.Thespatialstructureofmethane:

tetrahedronstructure

2,nature:

Physicalproperties:

colorless,tasteless,insolubleinwater,isthemaincomponentofnaturalgas,methane（pitgas）andpetroleumgas

Chemicalproperties:

methaneisstableinnatureanddoesnotreactwithstrongacidandstrongalkali.Undercertainconditions,thefollowingreactionscanoccur:

（1）flammability

（2）substitutionreaction（3）hightemperaturedecomposition

CH3ClgasCH2Cl2liquidCHCl3（chloroform）CCl4

3,uses:

verygoodfuel;thepreparationofH2,carbonblack,chloroform,etc..

4,theexperimentwillbefullofCH4andCl2:

（volumeratio1:

4）tubeupsidedowninthewatertank,thestronglightafteraperiodoftime,willseethecolor_______tubegas,liquidlevelinthepipe_______,theinnerwallofthetesttubehas________;addingAgNO3solutiontoremovetube,tubesolution,see______generation（fillphenomenon）commonlyknownas.CCl4______,__densitythanwater

Secondparaffin

1alkane:

（1）structuralfeatures:

Thecarboninthehydrocarbonmoleculeislinkedbyasinglebondtoformachain,

Therestofthevalencebondwithallcarbonatomsofhydrogencombine,calledhydrocarbons,oralkane.

（2）thenomenclatureofalkanes:

Simplenomenclatureofalkanes:

thenumberofcarbonatomsbelowtenisexpressedbya,B,C,D,e,K,h,R,R,RandC.

Systematicnomenclature:

1）findthemainchain--thelongestcarbonchain;

2）number:

thenearestbranch

3）writethename----firstJane,thennumerous

CH（CH3）2CH（C2H5）C（CH3）3isthenameof______

Thenameof2,3,3three-methylethylbutaneiscorrect

（3）thenatureofalkanes:

Whenthemolecularweightincreases,theboilingpointrisesandthedensityincreases,andthestateisfromgastoliquid（4carbonatomsorlessisgaseous）

Meltingpointofisomer:

thehigherthehighertheboilingpoint

Second,whenthetemperatureisverystable,andgenerallydonotreactwithacids,alkalis,KMnO4solutionandsoon

Undercertainconditions,itcanreactwithhalogenandsoon.

2,homologuedefinition:

structuralsimilarity,inthemolecularcompositionofthedifferencebetweennCH2atomicmassofeachotherknownashomologues.

Methane,ethaneandpropanearehomologuesofalkanes.

R:

-CH3;alkylmethyl,ethyl-CH2CH3iscalled

3,isomer:

Definition:

aphenomenonhavingthesamemolecularformulabutwithdifferentstructuresiscalledisomerism.Anyofseveralcompoundshavingisomerismthatarecalledisomers.Forexample,n-butaneandisobutanearetwoisomericisomersofbutane,belongingtotwocompounds.

Thereare9kindsofisomers:

CH4,C2H6,C3H8;C4H10has2species;C5H12has3species;C6H14has5species;C7H16hastwo

Theconceptofhomologuesisomersallotropeisotope

Anobject,anorganicsubstance,anorganicsubstance,anatom

condition

ExamplesdifferinCH2,structure,structure,andnumberofneutrons

Ethaneandbutane,butaneandisobutane,O2andO3,11H,12H

Thirdsectionsofethyleneolefins

1.Ethylenestructurecharacteristics:

2Catomsand4hydrogenatomsareinthesameplane.

Abondinthedoublebondoftheethylenemoleculeisliabletobreak

2,nature:

Physicalproperties:

colorless,slightlyodorous,insolubleinwater.

Chemicalproperties:

（1）theadditionreactionofbrominecanfade

（2）oxidationreaction:

1）flammability:

theflameintheairisbrightandblacksmoke;2）canmaketheKMnO4（H+）solutionfade

（3）polymerization:

ethyleneadditiontopolyethylene

3,use:

preparationofalcohol,plastic,andfruitripening.

4.IndustrialLaw:

frompetroleumrefining

Laboratorymethod:

Rawmaterial:

alcohol,concentratedH2SO4（concentratedH2SO4,catalystanddehydratingagent）collection:

drainagegascollectionmethod.

Notice:

1.ethanolandconcentratedsulfuricacidaccordingtothevolumeratioof1:

3mixturecanimprovetheutilizationrateofethanol,weshouldpayattentiontowhenmixedsulfuricacidslowlyalongtheglassrodbyaddingethanolandstir.2.thermometertomeasurethetemperatureofthereactantsobeinsertedbelowtheliquidlevel.3.asantibumpingliquidshouldbeaddedintotheporcelainpieces4.topreventlowtemperaturetheoccurrenceofsideeffectssorapidlyheatingupto170DEGC5.flaskliquidcolorbecamedark,isduetosulfuricaciddehydration;6.isfirstremovedfromthewaterconduitandthendestroythealcohollamp.

5.Hydrocarbonscontainingcarbonandcarbondoublebondsinolefinmolecules

（1）thestructureandcharacteristicsoftheformula:

CnH2n（n=2）

（2）:

Generalolefinflameisbrightalkane

Moleculescontainunsaturateddoublebonds,whicharepronetooxidation,additionandpolymerization.

Thefourthsectionacetyleneacetylene

1.Characteristicsofacetylenestructure:

2Catomsand2hydrogenatomsareinthesameline.

C=Cbondinthemoleculeoftwoisnotastablebond

2.Propertiesofacetylene:

（1）physicalproperty:

acetylene,alsoknownascalciumcarbidegas.Pureacetyleneiscolorless,odorlessgas,becauseofimpuritiessuchasPH3,H2Sandotherodor,slightlysolubleinwater,solubleinorganicsolvents.

（2）chemicalpropertiesandusesofacetylene:

Oxidationreaction:

1）:

flammableair,brightflame,smoke;acetylenecombustioninO2,theflametemperatureisveryhigh（above3000degrees）,whichcanbeusedforcuttingandweldingmetal.

2）canbeoxidizedbyKMnO4solution

Theadditionreactionofbrominetofade;

PolyvinylchlorideplasticscanbeobtainedfromacetyleneandHCl.

3.Acetyleneprocess:

laboratorymethod:

Medicine:

calciumcarbideandwater（usuallysaturatedwithsaltwater）

Principle:

CaC2+2H2O,C2H2=+Ca（OH）2

Device:

solid+liquidtogascollection:

drainagemethod

Note:

thereactionistoofast,souseaseparatefunneltocontroltherateofwater.Usingsaturatedsaltwaterinsteadofwatertoslowdownthereactionrate.Drainagemethod（cannotuseairexhaustingmethodbecauseitsdensityisclosetoair）

Fifthbenzenearomatics

Aromatichydrocarbon:

hydrocarboncontainingoneormorebenzeneringsinamolecule

1.Themolecularstructureofbenzene:

Molecularformula:

C6H6type:

______or______.

Structure:

thebenzenecanmakeKMnO4（H+）solutionfade,explainsthegeneralC=Cdoesnotexistinbenzene,benzenemoleculesbetween6Catomsbondexactlythesame,thisisakindofbetweenC-CandC=Cuniquekeys.

Inbenzenemolecules,6Cand6Hareinthesameplane,inorganicmatter,benzenewithbenzeneringbelongstoaromatichydrocarbon,simpleiscalledaromatichydrocarbon,andthesimplestaromatichydrocarbonisbenzene.

2.Physicalpropertiesofbenzene

Acolorless,speciallysmellingliquid,lighterthanwater,insolubleinwater

3.Thechemicalpropertiesofbenzene:

becausethecarbonandcarbonbondsinbenzenemoleculesarebetweenC-CandC=C,benzenecansubstitutereactionandreactadditionreactionundercertainconditions.

1）substitutionreaction:

（1）benzenewithbromineBr2reaction（reactionwithbromine）

（2）nitrationofbenzene:

2）additionreaction:

reactionofbenzenewithhydrogengas

3）flammability:

igniteabrightflame,alotofblacksmoke

Usage:

importantorganicchemicalrawmaterial,benzeneisoftenusedasorganicsolvent

4）-colorless,heavierthanwater.Theliquidintheflaskisbrownbecauseofbromine,andcanberemovedbyNaOH,separatedbyaseparatingfunnel.

Nitrobenzeneiscolorless,insolubleinwater,bitteralmondodor,poisonousoilyliquid,heavierthanwater.

Threenitrotoluene（TNT）:

paleyellowneedleshapedcrystal,insolubleinwater,usuallystable,heatedandimpacted,itisnoteasytoexplode.Explosivewhensensitive,detonatingagent,highexplosive.

4.Homologuesofbenzene

1）benzenederivativeformula:

CnH2n-6（n=6）

2）becauseoftheinteractionofbenzeneringandsidechain,

Thehomologuesofbenzenearealsosomewhatdifferentfromthoseofbenzene.

Note:

benzenecanmakeKMnO4（H+）solutionfade,alsocannotmakebromineforreaction.

Benzenehomologues,KMnO4（H+）canmakethesolutionfade,butyoucannotmakewaterduetochemicalreaction.

Practice:

write1._________reactionoftoluenewithHNO3

2.isomersofC8H10:

_______________writing

Sixthsectionsofpetroleumcoal

Oilisthemainenergyintheworldtoday.Itiscalled"liquidgold"and"industrialblood"".

I.refiningofpetroleum

1,thecompositionofPetroleum

（1）byelement:

Petroleumcontainsthebasicelementsofcarbonandhydrogen

（2）accordingtothechemicalcomposition:

isamixtureofvariousalkanes,naphthenicandaromatichydrocarbons.Generaloildoesnotcontainolefins.Mostareliquidhydrocarbons,whicharedissolvedinliquidhydrocarbons,gaseoushydrocarbonsandsolidhydrocarbons.

2.Petroleumfractionation

（1）theexperimentaldeviceisdividedintothreeparts:

distillation,condensationandcollection.

（2）:

mercurythermometerpositiontheballandthedistillationflaskbranchlevel.Brokentiles,antibumping（withethylene）

（3）thewaterinletisatthebottom,andthewateroutletisonthetop（whichisoppositetotheairflow,andthecoolingeffectisthebest）

（4）theprincipleoffractionation:

distillati