教学设计总结喻潜安老师.docx

教学设计总结喻潜安老师.docx

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教学设计总结喻潜安老师

InstructionalDesignCourseOutline

Objective:

Learntothinksystematicallyaboutlearningproblem

Learnhowtoapplylearningtheorytothedevelopmentofinstruction

Introduction:

WhatisInstructionalDesign?

Itreferstothesystematicandreflectiveprocessoftranslating

principlesoflearningandinstructionintoplansforinstruction

WhatisInstruction?

Instructionistheintentionalconveneoflearningtowardidentifiedlearninggoals.

ThedefinitionsofEducation,Instruction,Training,andTeaching.

WhatisDesign?

Thedesignmeansasystematicplanningprocesspriortothedevelopmentof

something.

Theinstructionaldesignprocess:

1.Aninstructionalanalysis

2.PerformDevelopaninstructionalstrategy

3.Developandconductanevaluation

Analysis:

Duringthisstage,thedesignerwilllearnasmuchastheycanaboutthe

environmentinwhichthelearnerswillbetaught,aboutthelearnersthemselves,

andaboutthetaskforwhichthelearnersmustbeprepared.

InstructionalStrategy:

InstructionalStrategyisusedgenerallytocoverthevariousaspectsof

sequencingandorganizingthecontent,specifyinglearningactivities,and

decidinghowtodeliverthecontentandactivities.

Evaluation:

Inthisstage,thedesignersplananapproachforevaluatingtheinstructional

materialstodeterminewhatkindsofchangesneedtobemadeinthem.

FoundationsofInstructionalDesign

WhydiscussPhilosophyandtheoryinInstructionalDesign?

Therearethreereasons:

1.Theoriesarethesourceofprinciples,fromwhichmanyoftheprescriptionsfor

designappears.

2.Treatingphilosophyandtheoryinvolvestherelationshipsofspecialistand

scholarstotheirfieldofstudyandpractice.

3.Studyingphilosophyandtheoryisbecausethesetheoriesallowdesignersto

explainwhytheymakedecisionstheydo.

Wewillbriefdiscussthreeeducationalphilosophiesthathaveastronginfluenceon

instructionaldesign.

Constructivism

Constructivismisaneducationalphilosophy,sometimesitdescribedas“rationalism”.

Therationalistbeliefthattheprimarysourceofknowledgeandthatisconstructedrather

thandiscovered.

Piagetwasoneofthefamousleadersinthisphilosophy,hisassumptiontheknowledge

isnottransmitted,itisconstructed.

Inthisfield,theybeliefthathowtheknowledgecanbeacquired,peoplehavemany

differentialcharacteristics,theyhavedifferentexperiencesintheirlife,andthisisan

importantelementaboutdotheyacquiretheknowledge.Constructivistclassifythis

phenomenon;IndividualconstructivismandSocialconstructivism.

Thekeyassumptionsofindividualconstructivism:

Knowledgeisconstructedfromexperience

Learningresultsarefrompersonalinterpretationofknowledge

Learningisanactiveprocesswhichisdeveloponthebasisofexperience

Thekeyassumptionofsocialconstructivismis:

Learningiscollaborativenegotiatedfrommultipleperspectives.

Thismeanspeoplegeneralagreeduponbyexpertinthefield.

EMPIRICISM

Sometimesthisphilosophyisbeingcalled“objectivism”.Thisphilosophyisalso

emphasizedtheexperience,buttheyproposedtheexperienceisdefinedassensory

experiencenottoanykindofexperience.JohnLockeistheleader.

PRAGMATISM

ThisphilosophymightconsideredamiddlegroundbetweenConstructivismand

Empiricism

Theybelievethatknowledgeisinterpretedthroughreasonandistemporaryand

attentive.JohnDeweyistheleaderofthisfield.

THEORY

Whatisatheory?

Atheoryisanorganizedstatementthatallowsustoexplain,predict,ofevents.

Ininstructionfield,therearetwokinds:

DESCRIPTIVETHEORYandPRESCRIPTIVETHEORY.

Manylearningtheoriesaredescriptiveandinstructiontheoriesareprescriptive.

Now,wearediscussingthelearningtheories.

First,wehavetoknowwhatisLEARNING.

AccordingtoBobGagne’sdefinition,hesaidlearningispermanentchangeinaperson’s

behavior.Letmegiveyouanexample,assembleabicycle.

Wehavementionedthatlearningtheoriesaredescriptive,becausetheydescribehowthe

learningtakeplace.

Amongthelearningtheories,oneofthetheoriespredominanttheschoolinAmericais

Behaviorism.Therearemanyfamousresearchersinthisfield,suchasPavlov’s“classical

Conditioning”;Thorndike’s“lawsoflearning”andSkinners“operantconditioning”.All

thesetheoriesgavesignificantimpactintheresearchofinstruction.

Themajorpointofbehavioristtoseelearningistheonlythingsabouthumanlearning

arethatcanbeobserved.

Behavioraltheoryemphasizedinfluenceoftheenvironmentonlearning.Accordingto

theirresearchfinding,learninghashappenedwhenstudentsseetheappropriateresponse

toaparticularstimulus.

Theprinciplesofbeha