TPO124综合写作范文.docx

TPO124综合写作范文.docx

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TPO124综合写作范文

Topic1

Answer

Thereadingandlisteningpassagesdebatetheprosandconsofthepracticeofsalvagelogging.Thereadingmaterialoutlines（provides）itsthreemajorbenefits,whicharecontradictedbythefollowinglecture.

First,thereadingpassageclaimsthatsalvageloggingprovidesspacesforforestgrowth.However,thespeakerclaimsthatsalvageloggingmakesthesoillessnutritiousbecausedamagedtreescanprovidenutritionforthesoilaftertheydecay.Thispracticallyrefutesthereading’sclaim.

Secondly,thereadingpassagearguesthatsalvageloggingcontrolsharmfulinsects,forinstance,sprucebeetles.However,thespeakerbelievesthatsprucebeetlesarenotharmful.Andhearguesthatsalvageloggingreducesthenumbersofbeneficialspecies.

Finally,thereadingclaimsthatsalvageloggingprovideseconomicalbenefits.Tworeasonsareprovided.Foronething,ithelpslocalcompaniestoreducelossesbyrecyclingdamagedtrees.Second,itprovidesjobopportunitiestolocalpeople.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecase.Foronething,salvageloggingneedsveryexpensivetransportation,e.g.helicopters.Foranotherthing,salvageloggingneedsskillfulworkers,whodonotcomefromthelocalcommunity.

Topic2

Thereadingiscorrectinpointingouttheproblemsassociatedwithoilpoweredcars.Yes,oilisafiniteresource,andyes,burningoilharmstheenvironment.However,thereadingisawaytoooptimisticattheassessmentofhydrogen-basedfuel-cellengines.Hydrogenisnotthesolutiontotheseproblems.

First,hydrogenisnotaseasilyavailableasthepassageindicates.Althoughit’spresentincommonsubstanceslikewater,isnotdirectlyusableinthatform.Foruseinafuel-cellengine,hydrogenmustfirstbeobtainedinapureliquidsstate.Thispureliquidhydrogenisahighlyartificialsubstance.It’stechnologicallyverydifficulttoproduceandstoreliquidhydrogen.Forexample,itmustbekeptvery,verycold,atminus253degreeCelsius.Imagingtheelaboratecoolingtechnologythat’srequiredforthat,sohydrogen’snotsuchapracticallyandeasilyavailablesubstance,isit?

Second,usinghydrogenwouldnotsolvethepollutionproblemsassociatedwithcars.Why?

Producingpurehydrogencreatesalotofpollution.Togetpurehydrogenfromwaterornaturalgas,youhavetouseapurificationprocessthatrequireslotsofenergythatobtainedbyburningcoaloroil.Andburningcoalandoilcreateslotsofpollution.Soalthoughthecarswouldnotpollute,thefactoriesthatgeneratethehydrogenforthecarswouldpollute.

Third,therewon’tnecessarilybeanycostssavingswhenyouconsiderhowexpensiveitistomanufacturethefuelcellengine.That’sbecausefuelcellenginesrequirecomponentsmadeofplatinum,averyrareandexpensivemetal.Withouttheplatinumcomponentintheengine,thehydrogendoesn’tundergothechemicalreactionthatproducestheelectricitytopowertheautomobile.Alltheeffortstoreplaceplatinumwithacheapermaterialhavesofarbeenunsuccessful.

Topic3

Reading

IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths（80percent）oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.

Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpayrollcostsbecausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanybenefits.

Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrate.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.

Finally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterestsorenjoyingleisureactivities.

Topic3

Listening

Offeringemployeestheoptionsoffour-dayworkweekwon’taffectcompanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests?

First,offeringafour-dayworkweekwillprobablyforcecompaniestospendmore,possiblyalotmore.Addingmoreworkersmeansputtingmuchmoremoneyintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefits.Remember,thecostsofthingslikehealthbenefitscanbethesamewhetheremployeesworksfourdaysorfive.Andhavingmoreemployeesalsorequiresmoreofficespaceandmorecomputers.Theseadditionalcostswillquicklycutintocompanyprofits.

Second,withrespecttooverallemployment,itdoesn’tfollowthatwhensomeemployeeschooseafour-dayworkweek,manymorejobswillbecomeavailable.Hiringanewworkeriscostly,asIarguedamomentago;andcompanieshaveotheroptions:

theymightjustchoosetoasktheiremployeestoworkovertimetomakeupthedifference.Worst,companiesmightraisetheirexpectations;theymightstarttoexpecttheirfour-dayemployeescandothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoinfivedays.Ifthishappens,thennoadditionaljobswillbecreated,andcurrentjobswillbecomemoreunpleasant.

Finally,whileafour-dayworkweekoffersemployeesmorefreetimetoinvestontheirpersonallives,italsopresentssomerisksthatcouldendupreducingtheirqualityoftheirlive.Workingashorterweekcandecreaseemployees’jobstabilitiesandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareers.Four-dayemployeesarelikelytobethefirsttolosetheirjobsduringaneconomicdownturn.Theymayalsobepassedoverforpromotionsbecausecompaniesmightprefertohavefive-dayemployeesinthemanagementpositionstoensurecontinuouscoverageandconsistentsupervisionfortheentireworkweek.

Topic3

Answer

Thereadingandlisteningpassageshaveaconflictofopinionabouttheproposalofafour-dayworkweekforeightypercentofsalary.Thereadingpassagepointsoutitsthreebenefits,whicharecontradictedbythefollowinglecture.

First,thereadingpassagebelievesthattheplanwillincreasecompany’sprofitsbecausehiringmoreemployeeswillnotincreasecompany’scosts.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecase.Foronething,moreemployeesmeanmoretrainingcostsandmedicalbenefits.Foranotherthing,companieswillhavetospendmoreonofficespacesandcomputers.

Second,thereadingpassagearguesthattheplanwillreduceunemploymentratebecauseifemployeesworkfewerhours,companieswillhavetoemploymorepeople.Yet,thespeakerholdstheoppositeopinion.Hearguesthatcompanieswillaskemployeestoworkovertimeorraiseworkexpectationsinsteadofhiringmore.

Finally,thereadingpassagepointsouttheplanwillimprovethequalityoflivesofemployees.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecasebecauseemployeeswillbemorelikelytolosetheirjobsandlesslikelytobepromotedtohigherpositions.

Topic4

Reading

SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth.Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace,therebycreatingaspacetourismindustry.Sofar,spacetravelhasbeenundertakenonlybygovernments,butthenew,privatizedspaceflightindustrywillbringgreatbenefitstobothscienceandthepublic.

First,privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousspaceexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper.Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition—andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts.Thus,loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists,whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes.

Furthermore,privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur.Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsors发起，主办alotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch,andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize,therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow.Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast.

Finally,whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel,thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic,butwithprivatization,theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry.Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsalesmeansthatthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly.

Topic4

Listening

Well,itlooksasthoughwe’llsoonseeprivatespaceshipscarryingtouristsintospace.Butwillitreallyprovidegreatbenefitsforseriousscienceandforthepublic?

Idon’tthinkso.

First,privatizedspacetravel,whichisextraordi