linuxetc.docx

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linuxetc.docx

linuxetc

linux/etc

网络配置文件

3.1/etc/hosts

#/etc/hosts

#文件格式:

IPaddresshostnamealiases

#文件功能:

提供主机名到IP地址的对应关系,建议将自己经常使用的主机

#加入此文件中,也可将没有DNS记录的机器加入到此文件中,

#这样会方便网络应用

127.0.0.1localhostlocalhost.localdomain

202.118.66.81helius

3.2/etc/resolv.conf

文件功能:

DNS客户机配置文件,设置DNS服务器的IP地址及DNS域名

相关文件:

/etc/host.conf

文件格式:

domainname域名

search域名

nameserverPrimary_DNS_Server_IP_address

nameserverSecond_DNS_Server_IP_address

其中domainname和search可同时存在,也可只有一个;nameserver可指定多个

示例文件内容:

search

nameserver202.118.66.6

3.3/etc/host.conf

功能:

指定主机名查找方法,通常指先查找文件/etc/hosts,找不到时再向DNS服务器请求。

对于大多数用户不用改动此文件内容。

Linux:

/etc/host.conf文件内容

orderhosts,bind

multion

Soalris:

/etc/nsswitch.conf中的hosts项

hostsfiles,dns

3.4/etc/HOSTNAME(LinuxRedhat5.xDistribution)

功能:

设置主机名,不同LINUX之间可能有所差别,请使用

egrephostname/etc/rc.d/init.d/*

egrephostname/etc/init.d/*

查找相应版本上的主机名设置文件及方法。

LinuxRedhat5.x对应文件:

/etc/sysconfig/network的HOSTNAME项。

3.5/etc/inetd.conf

Internet超级服务器,相关程序:

/usr/sbin/inetd

相应服务:

telnet

ftp

pop3

r*rshrcprlogin(建议最好关闭r服务)

其他服务最好关掉

#

#inetd.confThisfiledescribestheservicesthatwillbeavailable

#throughtheINETDTCP/IPsuperserver.Tore-configure

#therunningINETDprocess,editthisfile,thensendthe

#INETDprocessaSIGHUPsignal.

#

#Version:

@(#)/etc/inetd.conf3.1005/27/93

#

#Authors:

OriginaltakenfromBSDUNIX4.3/TAHOE.

#FredN.vanKempen,<>

#

#ModifiedforDebianLinuxbyIanA.Murdock<>

#

#ModifiedforRHSLinuxbyMarcEwing<>

#

#

#

#Echo,discard,daytime,andchargenareusedprimarilyfortesting.

#

#Tore-readthisfileafterchanges,justdoa'killall-HUPinetd'

#

#echostreamtcpnowaitrootinternal

#echodgramudpwaitrootinternal

#discardstreamtcpnowaitrootinternal

#discarddgramudpwaitrootinternal

#daytimestreamtcpnowaitrootinternal

#daytimedgramudpwaitrootinternal

#chargenstreamtcpnowaitrootinternal

#chargendgramudpwaitrootinternal

#

#Thesearestandardservices.

#

ftpstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.ftpd-l-a

telnetstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.telnetd

gopherstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdgn

#donotuncommentsmtpunlessyou*really*knowwhatyouaredoing.

#smtpishandledbythesendmaildaemonnow,notsmtpd.ItdoesNOT

#runfromhere,itisstartedatboottimefrom/etc/rc.d/rc#.d.

#smtpstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/bin/smtpdsmtpd

#nntpstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.nntpd

#

#Shell,login,execandtalkareBSDprotocols.

#

shellstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.rshd

loginstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.rlogind

#execstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.rexecd

talkdgramudpwaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.talkd

ntalkdgramudpwaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.ntalkd

#dtalkstreamtcpwautnobody/usr/sbin/tcpdin.dtalkd

#

#Popandimapmailservicesetal

#

pop-2streamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdipop2d

pop-3streamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdipop3d

imapstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdimapd

#

#TheInternetUUCPservice.

#

#uucpstreamtcpnowaituucp/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/lib/uucp/uucico-l

#

#Tftpserviceisprovidedprimarilyforbooting.Mostsites

#runthisonlyonmachinesactingas"bootservers."Donotuncomment

#thisunlessyou*need*it.

#

#tftpdgramudpwaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.tftpd

#bootpsdgramudpwaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdbootpd

#

#Finger,systatandnetstatgiveoutuserinformationwhichmaybe

#valuabletopotential"systemcrackers."Manysiteschoosetodisable

#someoralloftheseservicestoimprovesecurity.

#

#cfingerisforGNUfinger,whichiscurrentlynotinuseinRHSLinux

#

fingerstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.fingerd

#cfingerstreamtcpnowaitroot/usr/sbin/tcpdin.cfingerd

#systatstreamtcpnowaitguest/usr/sbin/tcpd/bin/ps-auwwx

#netstatstreamtcpnowaitguest/usr/sbin/tcpd/bin/netstat-finet

#

#Timeserviceisusedforclocksyncronization.

#

timestreamtcpnowaitnobody/usr/sbin/tcpdin.timed

timedgramudpwaitnobody/usr/sbin/tcpdin.timed

#

#Authentication

#

authstreamtcpnowaitnobody/usr/sbin/in.identdin.identd-l-e-o

#

#Endofinetd.conf

linuxconfstreamtcpwaitroot/bin/linuxconflinuxconf--http

3.6inetd.conf相关文件/etc/services(SYSV/BSD/LINUX相同)

基本不用编辑,linux自带的已包含大部分服务,Solaris可能需要增加(POP3),

参考相应的服务器安装说明,在此文件中列出了所有可用的网络服务。

#

#servicesThisfiledescribesthevariousservicesthatare

#availablefromtheTCP/IPsubsystem.Itshouldbe

#consultedinsteadofusingthenumbersintheARPA

#includefiles,or,worse,justguessingthem.

#

#Version:

@(#)/etc/services2.0004/30/93

#

#Author:

FredN.vanKempen,<>

#

#文件格式:

服务名称端口号/协议服务别名

tcpmux1/tcp#rfc-1078

echo7/tcp

echo7/udp

discard9/tcpsinknull

discard9/udpsinknull

systat11/tcpusers

daytime13/tcp

daytime13/udp

netstat15/tcp

qotd17/tcpquote

chargen19/tcpttytstsource

chargen19/udpttytstsource

ftp-data20/tcp

ftp21/tcp

telnet23/tcp

smtp25/tcpmail

time37/tcptimserver

time37/udptimserver

rlp39/udpresource#resourcelocation

name42/udpnameserver

whois43/tcpnicname#usuallytosri-nic

domain53/tcp

domain53/udp

mtp57/tcp#deprecated

bootps67/udp#bootpserver

bootpc68/udp#bootpclient

tftp69/udp

gopher70/tcp#gopherserver

rje77/tcp

finger79/tcp

http80/tcp#wwwisusedbysomebroken

www80/tcp#progs,httpismorecorrect

link87/tcpttylink

kerberos88/udpkdc#Kerberosauthentication--udp

kerberos88/tcpkdc#Kerberosauthentication--tcp

supdup95/tcp#BSDsupdupd(8)

hostnames101/tcphostname#usuallytosri-nic

iso-tsap102/tcp

x400103/tcp#ISOMail

x400-snd104/tcp

csnet-ns105/tcp

pop-2109/tcp#PostOfficeV.2

pop-3110/tcp#PostOfficeV.3

pop110/tcp#PostOfficeV.3

sunrpc111/tcp

sunrpc111/tcpportmapper#RPC4.0portmapperUDP

sunrpc111/udp

sunrpc111/udpportmapper#RPC4.0portmapperTCP

auth113/tcpident#UserVerification

sftp115/tcp

uucp-path117/tcp

nntp119/tcpusenet#NetworkNewsTransfer

ntp123/tcp#NetworkTimeProtocol

ntp123/udp#NetworkTimeProtocol

netbios-ns137/tcpnbns

netbios-ns137/udpnbns

netbios-dgm138/tcpnbdgm

netbios-dgm138/udpnbdgm

netbios-ssn139/tcpnbssn

imap143/tcp#imapnetworkmailprotocol

NeWS144/tcpnews#WindowSystem

snmp161/udp

snmp-trap162/udp

exec512/tcp#BSDrexecd(8)

biff512/udpcomsat

login513/tcp#BSDrlogind(8)

who513/udpwhod#BSDrwhod(8)

shell514/tcpcmd#BSDrshd(8)

syslog514/udp#BSDsyslogd(8)

printer515/tcpspooler#BSDlpd(8)

talk517/udp#BSDtalkd(8)

ntalk518/udp#SunOStalkd(8)

efs520/tcp#forLucasFilm

route520/udprouterrouted#521/udptoo

timed525/udptimeserver

tempo526/tcpnewdate

courier530/tcprpc#experimental

conference531/tcpchat

netnews532/tcpreadnews

netwall533/udp#-foremergencybroadcasts

uucp540/tcpuucpd#BSDuucpd(8)UUCPservice

klogin543/tcp#Kerberosauthenticatedrlogin

kshell544/tcpcmd#andremoteshell

new-rwho550/udpnew-who#experimental

remotefs556/tcprfs_serverrfs#Brunhoffremotefilesystem

rmonitor560/udprmonitord#experimental

monitor561/udp#experimental

pcserver600/tcp#ECDIntegratedPCboardsrvr

mount635/udp#NFSMountService

pcnfs640/udp#PC-NFSDOSAuthentication

bwnfs650/udp#BW-NFSDOSAuthentication

kerberos-adm749/tcp#Kerberos5admin/changepw

kerberos-adm749/udp#Kerberos5admin/changepw

kerberos-sec750/udp#Kerberosauthentication--udp

kerberos-sec750/tcp#Kerberosauthentication--tcp

kerberos_master751/udp#Kerberosauthentication

kerberos_master751/tcp#Kerberosauthentication

krb5_prop754/tcp#Kerberosslavepropagation

listen1025/tcplistenerRFSremote_file_sharing

nterm1026/tcpremote_loginnetwork_terminal

kpop1109/tcp#PopwithKerberos

ingreslock1524/tcp

tnet1600/tcp#transputernetdaemon

cfinger2003/tcp#GNUfinger

nfs2049/udp#NFSFileService

eklogin2105/tcp#Kerberosencryptedrlogin

krb5244444/tcp#Kerberos5to4ticketxlator

irc6667/tcp#InternetRelayChat

dos7000/tcpmsdos

#Endofservices.

linuxconf98/tcp#addedbylinuxconfRPM

3.7/etc/hosts.allow/etc/hosts.deny(Linux下,或使用了tcpd,参考inetd.conf)

/etc/hosts.allow设置允许使用inetd服务的机器,如:

All:

202.118即允许所有来自

202.118.x.x的请求

/etc/hosts.deny设置不允许使用inetd的机器

这两个文件的设定顺序请参考在线文档:

mantcpd

manhosts.allow

manhosts.deny

Internet网络服务访问控制文件,

对于安全性要求较高的服务器建议采用xinetd替代inetd,

xinetddebian自带,其他的可以用源代码进行编译安装

3.8/etc/networks/etc/netmasks

列出路由所需要的网络地址,相关命令/usr/sbin/route,当然也可以不使用这两个

文件,在维护路由表时可直接使用IP地址及网络屏蔽位。

Example:

/etc/networks

dlrin202.199.128.0

/etc/netmasks

202.199.128.0255.255.240.0

加入静态路由表项:

+---------------+DDN

|Cisco2511+<-------------->DLMU202.118.64.0/255.255.255.0

|+<-------------->DLNA210.47.192.0/255.255.240.0

+-------+-------+

|202.118.66.254

|202.118.66.16

+-------+-------++-------------++-----------+

|Switch/HUB+-------+网络中心+-----+LANRouter+

+-------+-------++-------------++------+----+

||

|

|202.118.68.0/255.255.252.0

|+--------------+

+--------------+202.118.66.81+(测试机器)

|+--------------+

|

|

|202.118.66.1(DefaultRouter)

+-------+-------+

|路由器+

+-------+-------+

|202.112.30.65/255.255.255.252

|DDN

|PPP

|

|202.112.30.66/255.255.255.252

Cernet/Internet

(1)202.118.66.81(Helius)<->202.118.66.18(peony)

202.118.066.081

255.255.255.0And

-------------------

202.118.066.0网络地址在同一个ip网络段

IPAddress<->MAC(MediaAccessAddress)

202.118.66.1808:

00:

20:

96:

01:

6A

202.118.66.8100:

80:

C8:

4C:

6A:

D0

202.118.66.100:

60:

5C:

F3:

FF:

75

202.118.66.81->202.118.66.18

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