新托福测试题.docx

新托福测试题.docx

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新托福测试题

新托福测试题

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1.

Whatisthemainreasonthatpeopledevelopedmethodsofrefrigeration?

Theywantedtoimprovetheflavorandnutritionalvalueoffood.

Theyneededtoslowthenaturalprocessesthatcausefoodtospoil.

Theyneededausefortheicethatformedonlakesandrivers.

Theywantedtoexpandtheproductionofcertainindustries.

2.

Thewordperishableinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

capableofspoiling

uncooked

ofanimalorigin

highlynutritious

3.

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcoldstoragebeforetheinventionofartificialrefrigeration?

Itkeptfoodcoldforonlyaboutaweek.

Itwasdependentonasourceoficeorsnow.

Itrequiredacontainermadeofmetalorwood.

Itwasnotasafemethodofpreservingmeat.

4.

ArtificialrefrigerationinvolvesallofthefollowingprocessesEXCEPT

thepumpingofwatervaporthroughapipe

therapidexpansionofcertaingases

theevaporationofavolatileliquid

thetransferofheatfromoneplacetoanother

5.

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph2?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

Ittakesalotofenergytotransformaliquidintoavapor,especiallywhenthevaporlosesheat.

Somegasesexpandrapidlyandgiveoffenergywhentheyencounteraverycold

THEDEVELOPMENTOFREFRIGERATION

Coldstorage,orrefrigeration,iskeepingfoodattemperaturesbetween32and45degreesFinordertodelaythegrowthofmicroorganisms—bacteria,molds,andveast—thatcausefoodtospoil.Refrigerationproducesfewchangesinfood,someats,fish,eggs,milk,fruits,andvegetableskeeptheiroriginalflavor,color,andnutrition.Beforeartificialrefrigerationwasinvented,peoplestoredperishablefoodwithiceorsnowtolengthenitsstoragetime.Preservingfoodbykeepingitinanice—filledpitisa4,000-year-oldart.Coldstorageareaswerebuiltinbasements,cellars,orcaves,linedwithwoodorstraw,andpackedwithice.Theicewastransportedfrommountains,orharvestedfromlocallakesorrivers,anddeliveredinlargeblockstohomesandbusinesses.

Artificialrefrigerationistheprocessofremovingheatfromasubstance,container,orenclosedarea,toloweritstemperature.Theheatismovedfromtheinsideofthecontainertotheoutside.Arefrigeratorusestheevaporationofavolatileliquid,orrefrigerant,toabsorbheat.Inmosttypesofrefrigerators,therefrigerantiscompressed,pumpedthroughapipe,andallowedtovaporize.Astheliquidturnstovapor,itlosesheatandgetscolderbecausethemoleculesofvaporuseenergytoleavetheliquid.Themoleculesleftbehindhavelessenergyandsotheliquidbecomescolder.Thus,theairinsidetherefrigeratorischilled.

Scientistsandinventorsfromaroundtheworlddevelopedartificialrefrigerationduringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.WilliamCullendemonstratedartificialrefrigerationinScotlandinl748,whenheletethyletherboilintoapartialvacuum.Inl805,AmericaninventorOliverEvansdesignedthefirstrefrigerationmachinethatusedvaporinsteadofliquid.Inl842,physicianJohnGorrieusedEvans’sdesigntocreateanair-coolingapparatustotreatyellow—feverpatientsinaFloridahospital.Gorrielaterlefthismedicalpracticeand

liquid.

Whenkineticenergyischangedtoheatenergy,liquidmoleculesturnintovapormolecules.

Duringevaporation,thevapormoleculesuseenergy,andtheliquidbecomescolder.

6.

Accordingtothepassage,whowasthefirstpersontouseartificialrefrigerationforapracticalpurpose?

WilliamCullen

OliverEvans

JohnGorrie

AdolphusBusch

7.

Theworditinparagraph3refersto

printer

refrigerator

type

ether

8.

Whydoestheauthordiscussthebrewingindustryinparagraph4?

Tocomparecavestoragewithmechanicalrefrigeration

Todescribetheuniqueproblemsthatbrewersfaced

Topraisetheaccomplishmentsofaprominentbrewer

Toshowhowrefrigerationchangedawholeindustry

9.

Thewordconstrainedinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

restricted

spoiled

improved

alternated

10.

Accordingtothepassage,thefirstrefrigeratedrailcarusedwhatmaterialasacoolingagent?

Ether

Ice

Ammonia

CFCs

11.

Thewordtoxicinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

experimentedwithicemaking,andinl85lhewasgrantedthefirstU.S.patentformechanicalrefrigeration.Inthesameyear,anAustralianprinter,JamesHarrison,builtanetherrefrigeratorafternoticingthatwhenhecleanedhistypewithetheritbecameverycoldastheetherevaporated.Fiveyearslater,Harrisonintroducedvapor-compressionrefrigerationt