跨文化管理 论文模版三改.docx

跨文化管理 论文模版三改.docx

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跨文化管理论文模版三改

上海商学院

旅游管理专业

跨文化管理（全英语）

课程论文

专业：

旅游管理

班级：

141班

学号：

14451040101

姓名：

陈佳婷

2016年12月20日

TheStudyofdifferencesbetweenWesterncuisinecultureandChinesecuisineculture

中西方饮食文化差异的研究报告

by

ChenJiating

RegisteredNo.14451040101

Contents

Ⅰ.Introduction1

II.DifferencesinDietaryConcepts2

A."Pantheism"to"Foodism”

B."Collectivism"to"Individualism"

C."Pomp"to"Freesimple"

Ⅲ.DifferencesinBanquetEtiquette4

A.Tablewaredifferences:

"Chopsticks"vs"Knifeandfork"

B.Differencesinattendancetime:

"Late"to"Ontime"

C.Differencesinseatingarrangements

D."North-south"toLeft-right"

E."Menrespectwomen"to"Womenfirst,equalitybetweenmenandwomen"

F.Differencesindietcontent:

"Seekingfine"to"Stresstheneedforbalancednutrition."

Ⅳ.Conclusion7

Ⅴ.Bibliography7

Abstract:

Dietarycultureisthesumtotalofhumandietarybehavior,conception,technologyanditsproducts.Itshowshumannaturalchoiceanddietarywayoflifethatissuitedtospecialgeographicalenvironmentandhumaneenvironmentthroughcommonpractice.CulturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandAmericacreatethedifferencesoffoodculture,whichcomefromthedifferentculturalvalues,waysofthinkingandphilosophy.BycomparingthedifferentculturalvaluesbetweenChinaandAmerica,thepapermainlymakesaresearchonthedifferencesofAmericanandChinesefoodculturefromtheaspectsofdietaryconception,structureandtablemanners.Italsostatesthefoodcultureoppositesinunitybetweenthesetwocountries,pointsoutthetrendandinevitabilityoftheirblendingtogether.Lastly,itmakessomesuggestionsonthedevelopmentwaysforChinesefastfoodindustry.Understandingtheirdifferencesandrectifyingtheattitudestowardstheindividualculturewillhelptoavoidthecontradictionsandconflictsbroughtforthbydifferentfoodcultureandvalues,andthuspromotingcultureexchangeanddevelopmentofthetwocountries.

饮食文化作为文化的重要方面，是指人类的各个群体对自然食物的分配方式的不同所引起的一切文化现象，是人们在饮食活动中所体现的物质和精神现象的总和。

随着对饮食健康的重视，不少中外的营养学者都在研究各国的饮食习惯，旨在寻求更为合理的饮食结构。

不同国家饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际现象之一，在外语教学中研究这些差异可以培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力。

全球化形势下的跨文化交际，使世界上不同的饮食文化出现了互补和融合的态势，如果把比较有代表性的中美两国人们的饮食习惯做一个对比，会得出在饮食文化上值得探讨的问题。

I.Introduction

Duetogeographicalcharacteristics,climate,customsandotherfactors,foodandbeverageproductswillappearintherawmaterials,tastes,cookingmethods,eatinghabitsonthedifferentdegreesofdifference.Itispreciselybecauseofthesedifferences,foodproductshaveastrongregionalism.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculturescreatedthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternfoodculture,andthisdifferencecomesfromdifferentwaysofthinkingandphilosophyoflife.Chinesepeoplepaymuchattentionto"HeavenandMan",butWesternersfocuson"people-oriented."

Chineseandwesternculturaldifferenceshavealwaysbeenpaidtoomuchattentionamongthepeople."Foodforthepeople",dietbecomesoneofthemostbasichumansurvivalactivities,itisnotonlythemaincontentofhumansociallife,butalsoapioneerinculture.Whetheritisfromtheharvestofrawmaterials,processingorfromeatinghabits,eatingmethodsanddietconcept,theyallreflectanation'sculturalheritage,ethniccustoms,productionpatternsandphilosophy.

Chinesepeople'straditionaldietarypracticesarebasedonplant-baseddiets.Staplefoodisgrain,complementaryfoodisvegetables,includingasmallamountofmeat.ThemainreasonfortheformationoftheCentralPlainsregionisthepracticeofagriculturalproductionasthemainmodeofeconomicproduction.BeingbasedonhotfoodandcookedfoodisalsoamajorfeatureofChinesepeopleeatingcustoms.ThisisrelatedtotheearlydevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandcookingtechnology.Westerncountriesupholdthenomadic,sailingethnicculturalorigin,huntingandbreeding,breedingforaliving,thetraditionaldiettothemainanimalfood.Tocollect,supplementedbyplanting,HunShimore,eat,wear,usearetakenfromanimals.High-calorie,high-fatdietstructureadaptedtohighlatitudesofgeographyandclimate.Combinationofrawandcookedvegetables,vegetables,saladbeforealotoftimethere.

II.DifferencesinDietaryConcepts

A."Pantheism"to"Foodism"

InChina,"eat"isnotjust"eat",itisgivenarichmeaning.Astheoldsayinggoes,"Foodisthefirstnecessityofthepeople",wecanseetheimportanceofdietintheheartsofthepeople.Theidea"foodtothepeople",manyscholarshavealsocalledit"Pan-food".Amongthepeople,dietisnotjustformeetingtheirstomachandtaste,itiscloselyrelatedwithpeople'slivesandthespiritualworldthatpeoplelivein.Forexample,peopleusedtomakeagreetingwith"Eatit?

",itisobviousthattheancientpeopleregard"eat"or"eatandprepare"asaveryimportantthing."Childrenborntodofullmoonwine,adultmarriageWhentodoaweddingbanquet,longevityandwell-beingtodowhenthebirthdaybanquet,longspeechtobefuneral,andsoon,theChinesepeople'slifeiscloselyrelatedwiththediet."Eat"canbeseenasawayofcommunicatingeachotherandexpressingetiquette."Pan-food"alsohasafullexpressionintheChinesecharacters.Mr.YiZhongtianwroteinthe“GossipChina”:

"Ifpeoplecallit'mouth',thejobiscalled'ricebowls',etc.Anotherexampleisthinkingof'rejection',experienceiscalled'taste',jealousy'jealous'',Happinessiscalled'intoxicated',commonplacecalled'commonplace',easilycalled'sidedishes'visible"foodforthepeople"intheheartsofChinesepeopleandlife,theimportanceofdiet.

IntheeyesofWesterners,"eat"isonlyameansofsurvivalandcommunication.Whattheyarereallyconcernedisthatnutrientsandenergyfoodcanprovide.FromtheAbrahamMaslow'sLawofDemandandtheAmericanEtiquetteCode,bothcanbeseen.Inthelawofdemand,theidentifiedneedsaredividedintofivelevels,wherethedietisatthelowestlevel."theUnitedStatesetiquetteCode"hasbeenthepurposeofthevarioustypesofbanquetsummarizedasfollows:

toprovideservicestoexpresstheirgratitude;ComparedwithChina's"eat",theWesterneatonlystayinthesurvivalofcommunication,didnotgivemorefar-reachingmeanings.

A."Collectivism"to"Individualism"

ChinesepeoplehavebeeninfluencedbyConfucianismandTaoismforthelongtime,theypursuedbenevolenceandloveandhadastrongdesireforaharmonioussociety.Suchadominantgroupofsocialvalues,itmustbe"collectivism."Fromthe"oneisenlightened,Chickensascendedtoheaven"to"Friendship,FellowLove,WorldFriendship,YearFriendship"andsoon,Chinesegroupculturecanbeanywhere.

Inthefeastatthesametime,theChinesepeoplealsoliketositaroundalargeroundtableandtoastfromonetoanother,theyenjoyschattingaroundthetablewithwineandbeer.Whatapleasantsceneis!

However,westernersaremorefocusedonthedevelopmentofpersonalitywhichitemphasizesindividualism.ComparedwithChina,theirdominantvaluesare"individualism".Whentheyhaveameal,eachofthemhaveasmallportionoffood,notthesameastheChinesepeoplerefillthebowlwithchopsticksfromthepublicplates.Andgenerallythewesternerstalkwithpeoplesittingnextinthesmallsound,unlikethefulltableconversationofChinese.Iftheygoouttoeattogether,itisalso“Let’ssplitthebill”.

B."Pomp"to"Freesimple"

"Holdingahousetothrifty,hospitalitytoabundance"isthetraditionalChineseconcept.Inaddition,theChinesepeopletakenoticeofagoodface,treatingguestswillbeconnectedtofaceproblems,sopompisnecessary.Generalformaldinnerhassevenoreightdishes,notincludingtheformerzero-mouthandtheendofthedessertandsoupdrink.Themoredishesandbetterquality,themorehospitalityandidentityownerscanshow.Ofcourse,alotoffoodisnotranout.OneofthemostfamousexamplesisthecollectionoftheManchuandHandietcharacteristicsofthegiantbanquet-Man-HanBanquet.OriginallytheKangxiEmperorheldtheMan-Hanbanquetonhisbirthdayincludingsweet,sour,bitterandspicydishes.Atotalof108canbedescribedasaveryluxurious,super

royalandsupremestyle.TheWesternersdonothavesuchafaceconcept.TheirgrandWesternfeastisusuallyonlysixdishes,butonlytwodishescanbeconsideredasfood,therestisbutafoil.Astheusualdinner,foodismoresimple.IntheUnitedStates,whenfriendsdinnereveryonewillmakecontributionstothedinner,called"Potluck",namely,everyonebringsonedish,sothateveryonecanshare.

 Evenintheparty,itisonlytoprovidesomesimplefood,doesnotprovidethemainfood.ThisprovesWesternersdon’tpaymuchattentiontohowrichthefoodis,theyholdpartyordinnertoadjusttheatmosphere,sothatguestsenjoyabettertimeandpromotetheconversation.

Ⅲ.DifferencesinBanquetEtiquette

Duetodifferenthistoryandculture,therearemanydifferencesinthebanquetetiquetteintheWest.Thefollowingwillmainlyexplainthedifferencebetweentableware,attendancetimeandarrangement.AfterunderstandingthedifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWest,itcanhelpthecommunicationofChineseandWesternpartiesatthebanquetincaseofsomeawkwardthingsorfunnyjokes.

A.Tablewaredifferences:

"chopsticks"vs"knifeandfork"

ThemostobviousdifferenceontablewaresisthattheChinesepeoplewithchopsticksandWesternerswithaknifeandfork.Thisisduetotheimpactofdifferentcultures.Chinahaslongbeenaffectedbyfarmingculture,likepeaceandstabilityoflife,againstaggression.Westerncountriesbecauseoftheimpactofhuntingculture,likefeis