英语专业 论文.docx

英语专业 论文.docx

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英语专业论文

XXXXXXXXX学院

本科生毕业论文

院（系）：

外国语学院

专业：

英语

学生：

指导教师：

完成日期：

2012年6月1日

XXXXXXXX学院本科生毕业论文

BodyLanguageDifferences

inCross-culturalCommunication

论体态语在跨文化交际中的

意义差异

总计毕业论文29页

表格0表

插图10幅

摘要

身势语是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。

为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流，我们应该了解不同文化的身势语。

本文从跨文化交际角度对非言语交际的主要方式---体态语进行可初步研究。

人们在进行交流的过程中，除了运用语言这种普遍的方式外，也经常运用身势语。

身势语又称体态语，是人类交际中最常见的一种非语言交际手段。

身势语在交流中起着传递信息，交流思想，调节并控制语速作用。

身势语同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。

在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。

各个民族有不同的非语言交际方式。

在跨文化交际中，了解汉英身势语的不同文化内涵，有助于汉英国家的人民之间更好地交流，提高跨文化交际能力，增进感情与心态的理解，做到“入乡随俗”，传情达意。

本文重点论述了身势语的定义、类型和功能，并从文化角度对身势语在不同的文化背景中的含义作了介绍，探讨了中国和英语国家在手势，姿态，面部表情，眼神与体距等方面的文化差异，论述了了解文化含义在非语言交际中的重要性。

对跨文化交际中的英汉体态语进行探讨，有助于人们减少或避免在跨文化交际中因体态语的文化差异而引起的误解。

关键词:

非语言交际；身势语；跨文化交际

Abstract

Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguageofdifferentcultures.

Thepapermakesamainstudyonbodylanguage,themostimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication,fromtheperspectiveofinterculturalcommunication.Inhumancommunication,peopleusebodylanguagetocommunicateaswellasverballanguage.BodylanguageisalsocalledKinesics.Itbelongstothescopeofnonverbalcommunication.Bodylanguageplaysanimportantroleinpassinginformation，sharingemotions，controllingandadjustingincommunication.Bodylanguage,likeverballanguage,isalsoapartofculture.Butindifferentculturesbodylanguagemeansthedifferentthings.Differentpeoplehavedifferentwaysofmakingnonverbalcommunication.Ininterculturalcommunication,understandingthedifferentculturalimplicationofChineseandEnglishbodylanguagecanpromotepeople’scross-culturalcommunicationcompetence,reinforcetheheart-to-heartunderstandingandintheendwillbenefitthecommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglishpeople.

Thispapermainlyexpoundsthedefinition,classificationandfunctionsofbodylanguageinpragmatics,presentsthemeaningsofbodylanguageindifferentculturesfromthepointofcultures,researchesbodylanguage’sculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,especiallythoseingesture,posture,facialexpression,eyecontactandphysicaldistance,anddiscussestheimportanceofknowingculturalmeanings.TheresearchofChineseandEnglishbodylanguageinnonverbalcommunicationishelpfulforpeopletodiminishoravoidmisunderstandingscausedbytheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage.

KeyWords:

NonverbalCommunication;BodyLanguage;Cross-culturalcommunication

Contents

摘要i

Abstractii

Chapter1Introduction1

Chapter2LiteratureReview3

Chapter3Cross-culturalCommunication5

3.1TheDefinitionofCross-culturalCommunication5

3.2TheKeyProblemofCross-culturalCommunication5

3.3TheNecessityofCross-culturalCommunication5

Chapter4BasicInformationofBodyLanguage7

4.1DefinitionofBodyLanguage7

4.2Functions7

4.2.1.TheFunctionofPassingInformation8

4.2.2.TheFunctionofSharingEmotions8

4.2.3.TheFunctionofControllingandAdjusting8

4.3Classifications9

4.3.1SymbolicBodyLanguage9

4.3.2IllustrativeBodyLanguage12

4.3.3EmotionalBodyLanguage13

4.3.4AccommodativeBodyLanguage14

4.3.5AdaptiveBodyLanguage15

Chapter5DifferentMeaningsofBodyLanguages16

5.1DifferentMeaningsofEmotionalExpressionLanguages16

5.1.1FacialExpressions16

5.1.2EyesLanguage17

5.2DifferentMeaningsofSignLanguages17

5.3DifferentMeaningsofTouchingLanguages21

5.3.1PhysicalContact21

5.3.2PhysicalSpace22

Chapter6TheOriginsofBodyLanguageDifferences24

6.1TheInfluenceofReligiousCulture24

6.2TheInfluenceofNationalCulture25

Chapter7Summary27

References29

Acknowledgements

Chapter1Introduction

Bodylanguage,sincethe80softhe20thcentury，hasbecomeanewsciencegradually.VerbalEnglish,thesameasnon-verbalEnglishisthecarrierofculture.

Peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherthroughnotonlyverbalcommunicationbutalsononverbalcommunication.Moreover,thelatterplaysarolemoreessential.Nonverbalcommunicationisrelatedtoculturesanditisthefruitofcultures.Alargenumberofpeopleonlypayattentiontotheacceptanceandcorrectnessoftheverbalcommunicationwhileneglecttheinfluenceandculturaldifferenceofnonverbalcommunication.That’swhythemisunderstandingandculturalcrashoftenoccurinthecross-culturalcommunication.

AfamousanthropologistE.T.Hallpointedout“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguagebecauseitcontainsmuchinformation!

”[1]P89.Basedontheresearchproposedbysomeforeignscholars:

inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakesupover65%inthewholeinformationexchange.Andbodylanguageoccupiesaveryimportantpositionofnonverbalcommunication.Sointhecourseofcommunication,itisnotacompleteonewhileignoringtheculturaldifferencesofnonverbalcommunication.

Likeverballanguage,bodylanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.ThepaperdiscussesdifferentmeaningsofbodylanguageinEmotionalExpressionLanguages,SignLanguagesandTouchingLanguages.Thushelpustoachieveefficientcross-culturalcommunication.

Chapter2LiteratureReview

ThescientificstudyofbodylanguagecanbetracedbacktothetimeofancientGreece.ThefamousphilosopherAristotlefirstmadeananalysisonhumans’actionsbywhichhumanexpressedtheirideasandwishes.Astimegoeson,bodylanguagehasdevelopedintoaninterdisciplinarysubjectconcerningbiology,linguistics,sociology,pedagogy,politicalscienceandthemostimportantofall,anthropologyandcommunicativescience.

Sincethe1950’s,manyworksonbodylanguagehaveappearedintheareaofsociologyandanthropology.Manyanthropologists,suchasAmericanscholarsRayL.BirdwhistellandJuliusFast,basicallyfocusedtheirstudiesontherelationshipbetweenbodylanguagesandcommunication.ThetermKinesicswasinitiatedbyBirdwhistellinhisIntroductiontoKinesicsin1952.Itreferstothesciencestudyingthebodylanguage,anditstaskistoformandcodehumans’actionsandbodybehaviorsinordertostudysystematicallytherelationshipbetweennonverbalbodymovementsandcommunication.AnotherAmericananthropologistfirstlyinhisBodyLanguagein1970thoroughlydiscussedthecommunicativemeaningsandfunctionsofbodylanguage.

InUSAin1959,EdwardT.HallpublishedhisbookTheSilentLanguage,whichistakenasthefirstandfoundationalbookofanewdisciplineInterculturalCommunication.Thenfrom1960sto1970s,withtherapiddevelopmentofinterculturalstudies,alotofworksinthisresearchareawerepublished,suchasASelectedReaderbyDavidHoops,InterculturalCommunication:

AReaderbyLarrySamovar&RichardPorterandAnIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunicationbyJohnCondon&FathiYousef（HuWenzhong,1999:

10-11）.ThestudyofbodylanguagehasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthedisciplineInterculturalCommunicationbecauseofthesignificantrolesitplaysincommunicationanditsculturalvariations.

Ontheonehand,thefurthersociologicalstudieshaveprovedthatbodylanguage,asthebasiccomponentofnonverbalbehaviors,playsanimportantroleinhumans’communication.Itissaidthatinconversationthecommunicativemessagesconveyedbyverbalbehaviorsonlyconsist30%ofthewhole,andtheothermessagesareallconveyedbynonverbalmeans（basicallybodylanguage）.PsychologistAlbertMehrabianevenproposedaformula:

“thetotaleffectofapieceofconveyedmessage＝7%ofwords＋38%ofvoice＋55%offacialexpressions”（YangZijian,1990:

577）.Althoughwedonotknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurate,atleasttheyletusseethesignificantroleswhichbodylanguageplaysincommunication.Ontheotherhand,scholarshavefoundthatbodylanguageisalsoapartofcultureandischaracterizedbynationality.Itsculturalvariationsalreadybecomeachiefbarriertointerculturalcommunication.

Scholarsathomehavealsocontributedalot.InChinathescientificstudyofbodylanguageonlybeganattheendof1980’s.TherepresentativeworksareIntroductiontoBodyLanguagebyGengErling（1988）,LanguageandCulturebyDengYanchangandLiuRunqing（ChapterXIV）（1989）,PracticalBodyLanguageeditedbyFanYunhuaandLiJiequn（1991）,LanguageandCulture:

IntroductiontoRussianЛингвострановедениеbyGuYijinandWuGuohua（VolumeII）（1991）,InterculturalCommunicationbyJiaYuxin（1997）,InterculturalNonverbalCommunicationbyBiJiwan（1999）,andtheseriesofbooksoninterculturalcommunicationeditedandtranslatedbyHuWenzhongsuchasIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication（1999）,etc..TheauthorofthisarticlehasalsomadeasurveyonChina’sacademicperiodicalnetwork.Generallyspeaking;theChinesescholars’studiesonbodylanguagesconsistoftwoparts:

communicativefunctionsandculturaldifferences.Onthebasisofforeignscholars’researchesChinesescholarshaveaddedmorespecificandconvincingexamplesfromChineseculture.

Judgingfromwhatismentionedabove，wecanseethatculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage,asbarrierstointerculturalcommunication,havealreadydrawnanincreasingattentionfromscholars.

Chapter3Cross-culturalCommunication

3.1TheDefinitionofCross-culturalCommunication

Cross-culturalcommunication（alsofrequentlyreferredtoasinterculturalcommunication,whichisalsousedinadifferentsense,though）isafieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferingculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilaranddifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtheyendeavortocommunicateacrosscultures.Incross-cult