职称英语理工类阅读理解四篇整理.docx
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职称英语理工类阅读理解四篇整理
2015职称英语理工类阅读理解
ForecastingMethods
Thereareseveraldifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast.Themethodforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.
Thefirstofthesemethodsisthepersistencemethod；thesimplestwayofproducingaforecast.Thepersistencemethodassumesthattheconditionsatthetimeoftheforecastwillnotchange.Forexample,ifitissunnyand87degreetoday,thepersistencemethodpredictsthatitwillbesunnyand87degreetomorrow.Iftwoinchesofrainfelltoday,thepersistencemethodwouldpredicttwoinchesofrainfortomorrow.However,ifweatherconditionschangesignificantlyfromdaytoday,thepersistencemethodusuallybreaksdownandisnotthebestforecastingmethodtouse.
Thetrendsmethodinvolvesdeterminingthespeedanddirectionofmovementforfronts,highandlowpressurecenters,andareasofcloudsandprecipitation.Usingthisinformation,theforecastercanpredictwhereheorsheexpectsthosefeaturestobeatsomefuturetime.Forexample,ifastormsystemis1，000mileswestofyourlocationandmovingtotheeastat250milesperday,suingthetrendsmethodyouwouldpredictittoarriveinyourareain4days.Thetrendsmethodworkswellwhensystemscontinuetomoveatthesamespeedinthesamedirectionforalongperiodoftime.iftheyslowdown,speedup,changeintensity,orchangedirection,thetrendsforecastwillprobablynotworkaswell.
Theclimatologymethodisanothersimplewayofproducingaforecast.Thismethodinvolvesaveragingweatherstatisticsaccumulatedovermanyearstomaketheforecast.Forexample,ifyouwereusingtheclimatologymethodtopredicttheweatherfornewYorkCityonJuly4th,youwouldgothroughalltheweatherdatathathasbeenrecordedforeveryJuly4thandtakeanaverage.Theclimatologymethodonlyworkswellwhentheweatherpatternissimilartothatexpectedforthechosentimeofyear.ifthepatternisquiteunusualforthegiventimeofyear,theclimatologymethodwilloftenfail.
Theanalogmethodisaslightlymorecomplicatedmethodofproducingaforecast.Itinvolvesexaminingtoday'sforecastscenarioandrememberingadayinthepastwhentheweatherscenariolookedverysimilar（ananalog）.Theforecasterwouldpredictthattheweatherinthisforecastwillbehavethesameasitdidinthepast.Theanalogmethodisdifficulttousebecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletofindapredictanalog.Variousweatherfeaturesrarelyalignthemselvesinthesamelocationstheywereintheprevioustime.Evensmalldifferencesbetweenthecurrenttimeandtheanalogcanleadtoverydifferentresults.
31.WhatfactorisNOTmentionedinchoosingaforecastingmethod?
__________
A.Imaginationoftheforecaster.
B.Necessaryamountofinformation.
C.Practicalknowledgeoftheforecaster.
D.Degreeofdifficultyinvolvedinforecasting.
32.Persistencemethodwillworkwell__________.
A.ifweatherconditionschangegreatlyfromdaytoday
B.ifweatherconditionsdonotchangemuch
C.onsunnydays
D.onrainydays
33.Thelimitationofthetrendsmethodisthesameasthepersistencemethodinthat__________.
A.itmakespredicationsaboutweather
B.itmakespredicationsaboutprecipitation
C.theweatherfeaturesneedtobewelldefined
D.theweatherfeaturesneedtobeconstantforalongperiodoftime
34.Whichmethodmayinvolvehistoricalweatherdata?
__________
A.Thetrendsmethod.
B.Theanalogmethod.
C.Bothclimatologymethodandanalogmethod.
D.Thetrendsmethodandthepersistencemethod.
35.Itwillbeimpossibletomakeweatherforecastusingtheanalogmethod__________.
A.whenthecurrentweatherscenariodiffersfromtheanalog
B.whenthecurrentweatherscenarioisthesameastheanalog
C.whentheanalogisovertenyearsold
D.whentheanalogisasimplerepetitionofthecurrentweatherscenario
答案与题解：
1.A第一段第二句说明了选择预报方法应考虑的一些因素，其中包括B、C和D中提到的所能获得的信息、预报者的实际经验和特定天气状况给预报造成的困难程度。
A是正确的选项，因为文中未提到天气预报员的想象力。
2.B答案可在第二段第二句中直接找到，其后是具体例子，用于说明persistencemethod只有在天气状况基本不变的情况下才能有效使用。
3.D第三段昀后两句提供了答案。
另外，该题的理解还须结合对第二段的理解。
4.C第四段的第二句告诉我们,theclimatologymethod需要取多年积累起来的气象数据的平均值。
第三句提供了具体例子。
第五段的第二句和第三句说明,analogmethod也需要比较和对比历史上某一天的气象状况。
5.A昀后一段的第五句和第六句提供了答案。
译文：
天气预报的方法
天气预报可用几种不同的方式来制作。
一个天气预报员采用什么方法来制作天气预报是由其经验决定的，预报员可利用的信息的数量，预报情况的困难程度，预报中需要的准确度和置信度。
每一种方法是持续性的方法。
这是制作天气预报最简单的方法。
持续性方法假设在天气预报时，条件是不会发生变化的。
例如，如果今天是晴，87度，持续性方法会预测明天也会是晴，87度。
如果今天的降雨量是2英寸，持续性方法会预测明天也会是2英寸。
然而，如果天气状况一天天地显著变化，持续性方法常会出错，所以这不是制作天气预报的最佳方法。
趋势性方法包括测定锋运动的速度和方向，高、低压的中心和多云、降水地区。
利用这些信息，预报员能预测将来的某个时间什么地区会出现同样特征的天气状况。
例如，如果一个风暴在你居住地以西100英里且以每天250英里的速度向东移近。
运用趋势性方法，你能预测这个风暴在4天以后将到达你所在的地区。
当某一大气现象长时期以同一速度向同一方向运动时，趋势性方法很有效。
如果它们减速、加速变化或方向转变，这种制作天气预报的方法可能会不准确。
气候学方法是另一种制作天气预报的简单方法。
这种方法通过计算多年来积累的天气状况值的平均数来制作天气预报。
例如，如果你用气候学方法来预测7月4日纽约的天气状况，你会浏览每年7月4日纽约的天气数据记录，然后计算其平均值。
气候学方法只有当天气状况与所选时间的预期天气状况相似时才有效，若天气状况和所取时间的天气状况非常不同，运用气候学方法常会失败。
相似物方法是有点儿复杂的制作天气预报的方法。
它包括测量今天的天气状况和回想过去和今天天气状况相似的一天，预报员会预测现在的天气将发生和过去那天同样的变化。
相似物方法很难被应用，因为事实上不可能找到所期望的同样的天气状况。
各种不同的天气特征极少同时出现在与前次出现时一样的地点。
即使现在的天气状况与其过去的相似物有一点小差别都能造成不同的结果。
DriventoDistraction
JoeCoyneslidesintothedriver'seat,startsupthecarandheadstotown.Theemptystretchofinterstategiveswaytourbancongestion,andCoynehitsthebrakesasapedestriansuddenlycrossesthestreetinfrontofhim.
Butevenifhehadn'tstoppedintime,thewomanwouldhavebeensafe.Sheisn'treal.Neitheristhetown.AndCoyneisn'treallydriving.CoyneisdemonstratingacomputerizeddrivingsimulatorthatishelpingresearchersatOldDominionUniversity（ODU）examinehowin-vehicleguidancesystemsaffectthepersonbehindthewheel.
Theresearcherswanttoknowifsuchsystems,whichgiveaudibleorwrittendirections,aretoodistracting—orwhetheranydistractionsareoffsetbythebenefitsdriversgetfromhavinghelpfindingtheirwayinunfamiliarlocations.
"We'relookingattheperformanceandmentalworkloadofdrivers,"saidCarylBaldwin,theassistantpsychologyprofessorleadingtheresearch,whichinvolvesmeasuringdrivers'reactiontimeandbrainactivityastheyrespondtoauditoryandvisualcues.
Theresearchersjustcompletedastudyofthementalworkloadinvolvedindrivingthroughdifferentkindsofenvironmentsandheavyvs.lighttraffic.Preliminaryresultsshowthataspeople"getintomorechallengingdrivingsituations,theydon'thaveanyextramentalenergytorespondtosomethingelseintheenvironment,"Baldwinsaid.
Butthetradeoffscouldbeworthit,shesaid.Thisnextstepistotestdifferentwaysofgivingdriversnavigationalinformationandhowthosemethodschangethedrivers'mentalworkload.
"Isitbestiftheyseeapicture…thatshowstheirposition,amapkindofdisplay?
"Baldwinsaid."Isitbestiftheyhearit?
"navigationalsystemsnowonthemarketgivepoint-by-pointdirectionsthatfollowaprescribedroute."They'reveryunforgiving,"Baldwinsaid."Ifyoumissaturn,theycanalmostseemtogetangry.”
Thatstyleofdirectionsalsocanbefrustratingforpeoplewhoprefermoregeneralinstructions.Butsuchbroaddirectionscanconfusedriverswhopreferroutedirections,Baldwinsaid.
Perhapsmanufacturersshouldallowdriverstochoosethestyleofdirectionstheywant,ormodifysystemstopresentsomeinformationinawaythatmakessenseforpeoplewhopreferthesurveystyle,shesaid.
Interestingly,otherresearchhasshownthatabout60percentofmenpreferthesurveystyle,while60percentwomenprefertheroutestyle,Baldwinsaid.Thisexplainstheclassiclittlethingofwhymendon'tliketostopandaskfordirectionsandwomendo,Baldwinadded.
1.Whichstatementistrueofthedescriptioninthefirsttwoparagraphs?
A.IfCoynehadstoppedthecarintime,hewouldn'thavehitthewoman.
B.Thewomanwouldhavebeenknockedover,ifCoynehadfollowedthetrafficregulations.
C.Coyneisnotreallydrivingsoitisimpossibleforhimtohavehitthewoman.
D.Ifthewomanhadnotcrossedthestreetsuddenly,Coynewouldnothavehither.
2.Whatdoresearcherswanttofindout,accordingtothethirdandfourthparagraphs?
A.Whetherornotaudibleorwrittendirectionsaredistracting.
B.howlongitwilltakethedrivertorespondtoauditoryandvisualstimuli.
C.Howthedriverperformundercertainmetalworkload.
D.Alloftheabove.
3.Whatarethepreliminaryresultsgiveninthefifthparagraph?
A.Driversareafraidofgettingintochallengingdrivingsituations.
B.Inchallengingdrivingsituations,driversstillhaveextraenergytohandleotherthings.
C.Inchallengingdrivingsituations,driversdonothaveanyadditionalmentalenergytodealwithsomethingelse.
D.Drivers'mentalloadremainsunchangedunderdifferentsituations.
4.Thesixthparagraphmainlystatethattheresearchers.
A.isdesigningavisualnavigationalinformationsystem.
B.isdesigninganaudionavigationalinformationsystem.
C.isdesigninganaudio-visualnavigationalinformationsystem.
D.wanttodeterminethebestwaysofgivingnavigationalinformationsystem.
5.Whatkindofdirectionsdomenandwomenprefer?
A.Womenprefermoregeneraldirectionsandmenpreferroutedirections.
B.Menprefermoregeneraldirectionsandwomenpreferroutedirection.
C.Bothmenandwomenprefergeneraldirections.
D.Bothmenandwomenpreferroutedirections.
答案与解释：
1.C根据第一段和第二段的内容,读者可以知道,这不是Coyne真实的驾车经历。
第二段的第一句是虚拟语气,意思是即使他没有及时刹车,那位妇女也是安全的。
因此A、B和D都不符合句意。
2.D第三段告诉我们,研究者要了解什么样的驾车指南会使回车者分心。
第四段告诉我们,他们要研究驾车者在驾驶中的精神负荷,测试驾车者对声音和图像的反应,包括反映时间和大脑活动。
所以,D是正确选项。
3.C第五段昀后一句提供了答案。
4.D根据本段第一句可以得知答案。
5.B文章的昀后四段讨论驾车指南的两种类型：
第九段使用的两个表达是：
general
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