欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx

欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx

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欧洲文化入门名词解释

TheIntroductionofEuropeanCulture-EnglishTerms

DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture

1.Iliad（《伊利亚特》）:

1）ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2）ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3）TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4）Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.

2．Herodotus（希罗多德）:

1）HeisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.2）Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory.3）HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.4）Hishistory,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.5）Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”

3．Socrates:

1）HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thand4thcentury.2）HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.3）Heholdthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.4）HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.5）Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.

4.Dialecticalmethod（辩证法）:

1）ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2）Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.

5.Plato:

1）HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.2）HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:

theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.3）Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.4）Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.

6.Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）:

HewasoneoftheCynic’sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.2）Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.3）Herejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.

7．Stoics（斯多咯派）:

1）ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2）Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3）Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4）ThechiefStoicwasZeno.

8．DoricStyle（陶立克柱）:

1）ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2）Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3）Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4）TheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned.

9．PaxRomana（罗马和平）（北京市2001年自考真题名词解释）:

1）Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2）Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3）Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4）ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.

10.Virgil（维吉尔）:

1）HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2）Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3）Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.

DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity

1.TheBible:

1）TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.

2.TheOldTestament:

1）TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3）Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

3.TheNewTestament:

1）TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2）TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine（教义）ofJesusChrist.3）Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

4.Pentateuch（摩西五经）:

1）IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2）Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:

Genesis（创世记）,Exodus（出埃及记）,Leviticus（利未记）,Numbers（民数记）,Deuteronomy（申命记）.

5．Genesis：

1）GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2）IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

6.Exodus:

1）ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2）IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3）DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.

7.Noah’sArk（挪亚方舟）:

1）FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,buttheybecamemoreandmorecorrupt2）ThusGoddecidedtodestroyalllifeonearthinagreatflood.3）BecauseNoahalwayskepthisfaithinGod,GodspoketohimaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinfromthewaters.4）.NoahfollowedGod’sinstructions.5）For40daysitrained,thewholeearthwascoveredwithwater,thoseshelteredinthearkbeingtheonlysurvivals.

8.TheProphets（先知）：

1）FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.2）Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.3）TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.（分为大小先知）

9．TheBookofDaniel（《但以理书》）：

1）TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.2）ThebookappearedintheearlydaysofJews’revoltagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochusIV.3）Itisastorymixedwithvision,describinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.

10．TheEdictofMilan（米兰赦令）:

1）RomanemperorConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleforthethrone,soheissuedtheEdictofMilanin313.2）Itgrantedreligiousfreedomtoall,madeChristianitylegal.

11．ThefouraccountsintheNewTestament（四福音书）:

1）ThefouraccountsarethefirstfourbooksintheNewTestament.2）TheywerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus’earlyfollowers.3）Theytellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.

12．KingJames’versionofBible（钦定版本圣经）:

1）AsthemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBible,itisalsocalledthe“Authorized”version.2）Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames,andwaspublishedin1611.3）Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknowasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguage.

DivisionThreeTheMiddleAges

1．theMiddleages（中世纪）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）:

1）InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfromthe5thcenturyto15thcenturyfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2）Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.3）DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.4）Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.

2．Feudalism（封建主义）：

1）FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.2）Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.

3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：

1）InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2）Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.

4.vassals（诸侯）:

1）InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2）Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.3）Theownersofthefiefswcallvassals.

5.CodeofChivalry（骑士制度）:

1）IntheMiddleAgesofwesternEurope,asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.2）Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.

6.dubbing（骑士头衔加冕仪式）:

Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrailsandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremonytoawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.

7.TheManor（庄园）：

1）Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.2）Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.3）Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.

8．TheCatholicChurch（天主教）:

1）Inthemedieval“ageoffaith”,almostallEuropeansbelongedtotheCatholicChurch.2）Theword“catholic”meant“universal”3）TheCatholicChurchwashighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationandthePopewastheheadoftheChurch.HenotonlyruledRomeandpartsofItalyasaking,hewasalsotheheadofallChristianchurchesinwesternEurope.ThosewhoopposedthePopelosttheirmembershipandtheirpoliticalright.4）TheChurchevensetupachurchcourt-theInquisitiontostampoutso-calledheresy.5）LatinwastheacceptedofficiallanguageintheRomanCatholicChurch.6）ThisChurchhadgreatinfluenceonpeople’sdailylifeandthewesternthinking.

9．Monasticism（修道院制度）:

1）HeedingthespiritualmessageofChristianity,between300and500A.D.,manymenwithdrewfromworldlycontactstodesertsand