语言学概论知识点师大版.docx

语言学概论知识点师大版.docx

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语言学概论知识点师大版

第一章

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.Designfeatures

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

1）Arbitrariness任意性

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Ontheotherhand,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary:

2）Duality二元性

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures/levels两层结构.Atthelowerorbasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargernumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.

3）Creativity（orProductivity）创造性

Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

4）Displacement移位性

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

3.Functionsoflanguage

1）informative（ideational）信息功能

2）interpersonal人际功能

3）Performative施为功能

4）Emotive（expressive）感情功能

5）Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈

6）Recreational娱乐功能

7）Metalingual元语言功能

4.Linguistics语言学isthescientificstudyoflanguage.

5.Descriptive描述式–Thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive规定式–thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.

6.SYNCHRONIC”共时,inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime,and“DIACHRONIC”历时,inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimearetreatedhistorically

7.Langue&Parole大题

SaussuredistinguishedtheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasLangueandParole.索绪尔用语言和言语来区别说话者的语言能力和语言上（表达）的实际表现或语料。

Langueisnotcompleteinanyindividualspeaker;itexistsperfectlyonlywithinacollectivity.任何说话者都不可展现语言的全部，语言之存在于一个集合体中。

Inseparatinglanguefromparoleweareatthesametimeseparating

1）whatissocialfromwhatisindividual社会与人;and2）whatisessentialfromwhatisaccessoryandmoreorlessaccidental核心与附属或者偶然同时区别开来.

Whichoneshouldlinguistsstudy?

LangueorParole?

Langue–1）thesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby;2）abstract,notthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse;3）relativelystable,doesnotchangefrequently.

Parole–1）theconcreteuse混合使用oftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;2）concrete,thenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents;3）variesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

8.Competencevs.performance语言能力语言运用

AmericanlinguistNoamChomsky（AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,1965）

Competence–theidealuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesofhislanguage

Performance–theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituation

Chomskypointsoutthatthetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeenmasteredbythelanguageuser.语言学家的任务是从语言运用的数据中确定语言使用者已掌握的潜在规则系统。

Chomsky’sdistinctionofcompetenceandperformanceisrelatedtothelangue-paroledistinctionofSaussure,buttherearesomedifferencesbetweenthem,whatarethey?

WhatisthedifferencebetweenSaussureandChomsky?

Saussure–asociologicalviewoflanguage（Langueisamatterofsocialconventions.）

Chomsky–apsychologicalview（Competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.）

Whichoneshouldbestudied?

LangueorParole?

CompetenceorPerformance?

Arguments:

Therearemanyreasonsforthediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformanceinnormallanguageusers.Someofthemareethnicbackground,socioeconomicstatus,andregionsofthecountry;somearethefactorsasphysicalstatechangeswithintheindividual,intoxication,fatigue,distraction,andillness.SotherehavebeensomeargumentsonChomsky’sthinkingthat”Linguistictheoryisconcernedprimarilywithanidealspeaker-listener,inacompletelyhomogeneousspeechcommunity,whoknowsitslanguageperfectly”.

DellHymesstudieslanguagefromasocio-culturalviewpointandproposed“communicativecompetence”–speakersvarytheirperformancenotatrandombutinaregularway（thepragmaticabilityoflanguageuse）.

第二章

1.Phonetics（thestudyofsounds）studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.

2.ThreeAreasofPhonetics

Articulatoryphonetics–thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds（thespeaker’spointofview）

Acousticphonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech（speechsoundsintransmission）.

Auditoryphonetics–thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds（thehearer’spointofview

3.ConsonantsandVowels

Distinction“Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.”（Bloomfield）

“Avowelisdefinedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinacontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.”（DanielJones）

Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

5.Phone,Phoneme,Allophone

1）Phone语音学–aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.E.g.aspirated[ph]andunaspirated[p]

2）Phoneme音素，音位–aphonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.

Thenumberofphonemesvariesfromonelanguagetoanother.Englishisconsideredtohave44phonemes,24consonantsand20vowels.

Aphonemeisanabstractunitwhichisofdistinctivevalue.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.

3）Allophone音位变体–thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom;itisrule-governed.（cf.theexampleof/l/indifferentcontexts）

Thecriterionfordistinguishingwhethertwophoneticallysimilarsoundsarephonemesorallophonesislanguage-specific,e.g.aspirationinEnglishandChinese

6.Suprasegmental超音段–unitswhichextendovermorethanonesoundinanutterance.

Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllables,stress,tone,andintonation.

Stress重读–thedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.

Therearetwokindsofstress,wordstressandsentencestress.

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation语调.

Tones声调arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

7.Syllablestructure

Monosyllabic单音节的–onewordwithonesyllable

Polysyllabic多音节的–onewordwithmorethanonesyllable

Asyllableiscomposedofacompulsorynucleus（peak）,anon-compulsoryonsetandanon-compulsorycoda.

AllEnglishsyllablesmusthaveavowelwhichfunctionsasthenucleus,withtheexceptionoftheso-calledsyllabicconsonants:

/n/asin/bvtn/or/l/asin/botl/or/m/in/botm/.

▪Opensyllable–asyllablethathasnocoda（longvowelsanddiphthongs）

▪Closedsyllable–asyllablewithcoda

TheEnglishsyllablecanberepresentedasCCCVCCCC,whichmeansthatEnglishlanguagecanhaveatmostthreeconsonantsintheonsetpositionandfourconsonantsinthecodaposition.

Thiskindofsequenceoftwoormoreconsonantsarecalledconsonantcluster.

第三章

1.Morpheme–thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.语义最小单位

2.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Morphology–thestudyofmorphemesandtheirdifferentforms（allomorphs）andthewaytheycombineinwordformation.

Morphology–thestudyofinflections（inflectionalmorphology）andthestudyofword-formation（derivationalmorphology）.

3.Freemorphemes–thosethatmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorphemicwordsarefreemorphemes.

Boundmorphemes–thosethatmustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme,thatis,theycannotstandalone.Forexample,inthewordinternationalizationonlythemorphemenationisafreemorpheme,theothermorphemesinter-,-al,-iz（e）,-ationareallbound

4.Compound组合词referstothosewordsthatconsistsofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasinglenewword,suchasicecream,sunrise.

第四章

1.Syntax句法学isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。

2.Syntacticrelations

Positionalrelation（位置关系）,orwordorder,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage是指一门语言中词语的排列顺序.Thesequentialarrangementofwordscaneitherbewell-formedorill-formed.

RelationofSubstitutability（可替换关系Firstly,itreferstoclasses