Towards a Semiotic Information Position Framework for Networ.docx
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TowardsaSemioticInformationPositionFrameworkforNetwor
TowardsaSemioticInformationPositionFrameworkforNetworkCentricWarfare
向一个符号信息网络中心战的位置框架
AstudythatinvestigatedtheapplicabilityofNCWtenetsinOperationIraqiFreedom(OIF)showedthat“newsensors,extendedconnectivity,andnewinformationsystemsenhancedthecombateffectivenessoftheforce”[9,p.1].Recentexperimentalresearchhasalsoprovidedevidenceinsupportoftheabovehypotheses[25].
NCWwasinitiallydefinedintermsofthreedistinctdomains[2].Thephysicaldomainisthereal-worldwherephysicalplatformsandcommunicationsnetworksreside.Eventstakeplaceinthephysicaldomainacrosstheground,sea,air,andspace.Thephysicalbattlespaceincludessensing,deciding,andactingentities[3].Theinformationdomainisanabstractionofthephysicaldomain,comprisingmodels(i.e.simplifiedrepresentations)ofthephysicaldomain(orthereal-world)aswellasknowledgefromthecognitivedomain.Itisimportanttonotethatsuchknowledgemayormaynotcorrespondtoreal-worldentities.Thecognitivedomainis“whereperceptions,awareness,understanding,beliefs,andvaluesresideandwhere,asaresultofsensemaking,decisionsaremade”[2,p.13].InthecontextofNCW,thecognitivedomainrepresentssubjectiveinterpretationsofthephysicaldomainthatarebasedontheinformationdomain.AlbertsandHayessubsequentlyalsoproposedasocialdomain,whichintegratesindividualcognitiveactivitiesintoshared/collectiveconsciousness/awareness[4].Inadditiontothefourdomains,NCWtheoryalsodefinedasetofkeyprimitives(Table2),whichmaptooneormoredomainseach[2].
一项调查表明,适用的原则进行通信的掩护伊拉克自由行动表明“新的传感器、扩展连接,新的信息系统提高战斗力的力量"[9月第1版。
页]。
最近的实验研究也提供了证据支持上述假说[25]。
通信方面的最初定义的三种不同的领域[2]。
真实世界的物理域物理平台和通信网络的地方居住。
事件发生在物理域越过地面,海运、空运、和空间。
物理作战空间包括传感、决定和行动实体[3]。
信息领域是一种抽象的物理领域,包括模型(即简化画法)的物理域(或真实世界)以及知识从认知领域。
值得注意的是,这些知识可能或不可能符合真实世界的实体。
认知领域是“哪里的认识,了解,理解、信仰和价值观的居住、在什么地方,由于sensemaking,决定是“[2p.13]。
通信的语境中,认知域代表的物理领域主观解释是基于信息领域。
Alberts和海耶斯随后给出了一个社会领域,集个人认知活动/意识共享/集体意识[4]。
除了四个领域,理论也定义了一套通信的关键元素(表2),地图,一个或多个领域每一个[2]。
Ithasbeenarguedthatsharedawarenessandself-synchronisationleadtoemergentbehaviourand,thus,thatNCWshouldbeconsideredintermsofComplexAdaptiveSystems(CAS)[28,32].Assuch,taggingofagents/entitiesisofcriticalimportanceforidentificationandorganisation.DefinedwithreferencetoCASanddirectlyapplicabletoNCW,tags“almostalwaysdefinethenetworkbydelimitingthecriticalinteractions,themajorconnections”[23,p.23].Metaphors,oftenappliedintheinformationdomainareakintotagging[14].
Aspreviouslystated,researchresultshaveindicatedthatforceconnectivitypositivelycorrelateswithforceeffectiveness[16].Assuch,interoperabilityisnotonlycriticalinthephysicaldomain,butalsointheinformation,cognitiveandsocialdomains[31,40](seeFigure4).However,researchhasalsoidentifiedarangeofpotentialobstaclestoeffectivecollaboration,including:
hierarchicalmindsets(traditionalflowoforders),resistancetochange,systemlimitations,andthelike[11].
它已经认为共享意识和self-synchronisation导致的自发行为,因此,应考虑通信方面的复杂适应系统(CAS)[28日,32岁]。
这样,代理/单位标注是至关重要的鉴别组织。
定义,参照CAS和直接适用于通信,标签”的网络几乎总是定义界定关键的互动关系,主要结合[23,p.23]。
隐喻,经常在信息领域的应用与标注[14]。
正如上文所言,研究结果表明,力与连通性积极作战效能[16]。
这样,互用性不仅是关键性的物理领域,而且在信息、认知功能和社会领域[31,40](见图4)。
但是,研究也发现了一个范围的潜在障碍,包括:
有效的合作层次心态(传统流的订单),对改变的抵抗,系统的局限性,以及类似的[11]。
Figure4:
LayersofInteroperability(adoptedfrom[40,p.18])
Table2:
NCWPrimitives(developedfrom[2,pp.14-29])
图4:
层的互操作能力(采用(从40,p。
18])
表2:
通信元素(发展[2期,-页。
14-29])
Primitive
Description
Sensing
Directsensingtakesplacewhenhumansexperienceanobjectoreventinthephysicaldomainwithoneoftheirsenses.Indirectsensingtakesplacewhenasensorisemployedbyahumantofacilitatesensingsomeaspectofthephysicaldomain.
Data
Dataisarepresentationofindividualfacts,concepts,orinstructionsinamannersuitableforcommunication,interpretation,orprocessingbyhumansorbyautomaticmeans.
Information
Informationistheresultofputtingindividualobservations(sensorreturnsordataitems)intosomemeaningfulcontext.
Knowledge
Knowledgeinvolvesconclusionsdrawnfrompatternssuggestedbyavailableinformation.
Awareness
Awarenessrelatestoasituationand,assuch,istheresultofacomplexinteractionbetweenpriorknowledge(andbeliefs)andcurrentperceptionsofreality.
Understanding
Understandinginvolveshavingasufficientlevelofknowledgetobeabletodrawinferencesaboutthepossibleconsequencesofthesituation,aswellassufficientawarenessofthesituationtopredictfuturepatterns.
Sharing
Sharing(information/knowledge/awareness)isaninteractionthatcantakeplacebetweentwoormoreentities.
Collaboration
Collaborationisaprocessthattakesplacebetweentwoormoreentitiesandimpliesworkingtogethertowardacommonpurpose.
Decisions
Decisionsarechoicesaboutwhatistobedone.
Actions
Actionstakeplaceinthephysicaldomainandaretriggeredbydecisionsinthecognitivedomainthateitheraredirectlytranslatedintoactionorhavebeentransportedthroughtheinformationdomaintoothers.
Synchronisation
Synchronisationisthemeaningfularrangementofthingsoreffectsintimeandspace.
InformationSuperiority,aconceptcentraltoNCW,hasbeendefinedas“astatethatisachievedwhenacompetitiveadvantageisderivedfromtheabilitytoexploitasuperiorinformationposition”[3,p.34].Albertsetal.wentontoarguethat“inmilitaryoperationsthissuperiorinformationpositionis,inpart,gainedfrominformationoperationsthatprotectourabilitytocollect,process,anddisseminateanuninterruptedflowofinformationwhileexploitingand/ordenyinganadversary’sabilitytodothesame”[3,p.54].Assuch,informationsuperiorityisarelativeconcept,dependentoncompetinginformationneedsandpositions(i.e.relativeinformationsituations)(seeFigure5).
信息优势的核心概念,定义了通信为“美国没有取得竞争优势来源于开拓能力位置优越的信息”[3,页)。
Alberts王汝成等继续说:
“在军事行动位置优越的信息,这在某种程度上,得到信息作战能力,保护我们收集、整理、传播信息的流动而连续开采和/或否认对手的能力来做同样的事情”[3,p.54]。
这样,信息优势是一个相对概念,依赖于竞争性信息需求和位置(即相对信息情况下)(见图5)。
Figure5:
RelativeInformationAdvantage(developedfrom[2,p.108])
图5:
相关资讯优势(发展[2p。
108])
Informationpositionwasinitiallydefinedintermsofthreedimensions:
relevancy,timeliness,andaccuracy[3].However,thosethreedimensionswerelaterrevisedbyAlbertsetal.toinformationrichness(informationquality),informationreach(distribution),andqualityofinteraction[2](Figure6).
最初的定义信息的位置从三个层面:
相关性、及时性、准确性[3]。
然而,那些后来被修订,由三个维度Alberts王汝成等信息丰富信息(信息质量),达到(分配),和高质量的互动[2](图6)。
Figure6:
DimensionsofInformationPosition(developedfrom[2,p.104])
图6:
尺寸信息的位置(发展[2p。
104])
Informationrichnesscompriseseightattributes,including:
completeness,correctness,currency,accuracy,consistency,relevance,timeliness,andassurance.Informationreachdealswiththenumberandvarietyofpeople,workstations,ororganisationsthatcanshareinformation.Qualityofinteractionreferstothenatureoftheinteractionamongactors.Itdealswithdata/text/voiceexchanges,static/dynamicimages,assurance,delay,andsoon.However,thereismuchambiguityindefinitionsandpotentialoverlapbetweencategories.Afourthdimension,informationsecurity,waslateralsoaddedtotheframework[5](seeFigure7).
包括属性信息丰富,包括八:
完备性、准确性、货币、准确性、一致性、关联性、及时性、和保障。
达到处理信息的数量或种类,工作站,人民或团体可以共享信息。
互动是指质量之间的相互作用的性质的演员。
它涉及数据/文本/声音交流、静、动态图像,保证,延迟,等等。
然而,仍然有许多潜在的含糊不清的定义和类别之间的重叠。
第四维度,信息安全,后来也添加到框架[5](见图7)。
Figure7:
QualityofInformationPosition(adoptedfrom[5,p.142])
图7:
质量信息的位置(采用从[5,p。
142])
TowardstheSemioticInformationPositionFramework
对符号信息的位置的框架
Whiletheconceptofrelativeinformationadvantage(seeFigure5)hasbeenwellunderstoodforalongtimeandproventhroughouthistory[2],thedimensionsoftherelevantinformationpositionhavebeenproposedinanadhocmannerand,asaresult,theyhavebeenrevisedseveraltimes[2,3,5].Furthermore,therelativeinformationadvantagehasbeenconstrainedonlytotheinformationdomain[2,p.53],whereasitisclearlydependantondatafromthephysicaldomainandoninterpretationsinthecognitiveandsocialdomains.Furthermore,sincesemiosismaybemediatedbythought(throughalivingorganism)[33],orbyartificialintelligence(computationalsemiotics)[37],thesemiotictriangle(seeFigure2)needstobeappliedtoeachoftheNCWdomains.
而相对信息优势的概念(见图5)已经理解了很长时间,证明[2]的基础上,在历史上的尺寸已经提出了相关信息的位置在一个特设的态度,因此,他们已经被修订了几次[2、3、5]。
此外,相关信息的优势而受到限制的信息域只[2p.53],而这显然是依赖于物理领域的数据和解释中,认知和社会领域。
此外,既然可以介导的思想形态(通过生物)[33],或由人工智能(计算符号学)[37],符号三角形(见图2)需要适用于每一个通信领域。
Assuch,sensingentitiesinthephysicaldomain(indirectsensing)interpretsigns(physicalphenomena)fromtheirenvironmentandgeneraterelevantdataelements,whicharethenpassedtotheinformationdomain.Theinformationdomaintheninterpretsandintegratessuchdataelements,potentiallyreceivedfromaheterogeneoussetofsensingentitiesfromthephysicaldomain,andgeneratesnewmodels(i.e.informationandknowledge)suitableforhumancomprehension.Next,peopleinterpretanysuchmodelsinordertoderiveknowledgeandsituationalawarenessaswellastoinformtheirdecisionmakinginthecognitivedomain.Finally,peopleinteractwithotherpeople(potentiallyfromdifferentservices,organisations,ornations)togeneratesharedawarenessandunderstanding.
Syntactic,semantic,andpragmaticrulesapplytoeachofthedomains,andeachapplicationofthesemiotictriangleintroducespotentialopportunitiesformisinterpretation.Asaresult,itiscriticaltoanalyseone’sinformationpositionintermsofrelevantNCWprimitivesacrossallfour