语言学导论复习资料.docx

语言学导论复习资料.docx

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语言学导论复习资料

Chapter1Introduction

I.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

1.Ifastudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobeC

A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

D

A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness

3.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas___C_________.

A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable

4.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because______D_____.

A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue.

D. Alloftheabove

 5.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa__B__studyoflanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative

6.Saussuretooka（n）___A____viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological,psychologicalB.Psychological,sociological

C.applied,pragmaticD.semantic,linguistic

7.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_C___referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performanceC.LangueD.language

8.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween__B____andmeanings.

A.senseB.SoundsC.objectsD.ideas

9.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled___A___.

A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission

10.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough__D__,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.

1.Dualityisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

3.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalled__syntax.

4.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagenetic_basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

5.Parole_referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

6.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasapplied_linguistics.

7.Languageisproductive_inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

III.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.

2.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

3.Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

4.Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5.Duality:

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

6.Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.

1.Awolfisabletoexpresssubtlegradationsofemotionbydifferentpositionsoftheears,thelips,andthetail.Thereareelevenposturesofthetailthatexpresssuchemotionsasself-confidence,confidentthreat,lackoftension,uncertainthreat,depression,defensiveness,activesubmission,andcompletesubmission.Thissystemseemstobecomplex.Supposetherewereathousanddifferentemotionsthatthewolfcouldexpressinthisway.Wouldyouthensayawolfhadalanguagesimilartoman’s?

Ifnot,Whynot?

答案1.No.Hint:

Wolf’swayofexpressingemotionsdoesnotpre