语言学导论复习资料.docx

1、语言学导论复习资料Chapter 1 IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be CA. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic2. Which of the fo

2、llowing is not a design feature of human language? DA. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _C_. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _D_

3、. A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.D.All of the above5. A historical study of language is a _B_ study of l

4、anguage. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) _A_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociological, psychological B. Psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmatic D. semantic, linguistic7. According to F. de Sauss

5、ure, _C_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. Langue D. language8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _B_ and meanings. A. sense B. Sounds C. objects D. ideas9. Language can b

6、e used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_A_. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 10. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _D_ , rather than by instinct. A

7、. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. 1. Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless ind

8、ividual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 3. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called _syntax . 4. Human capacity for language

9、 has a genetic_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 5. Parole _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as ap

10、plied _ linguistics.7. Language is productive_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Synt

11、ax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 2. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second la

12、nguages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 3. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 4. Di

13、splacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speake

14、r. 5. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 6. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal s

15、ystem of communication. IV. Answer the following questions. 1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, un

16、certain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to mans? If not, Why not?答案1. No. Hint: Wolfs way of expressing emotions does not pre