托福口语Task 4练习题.docx

托福口语Task 4练习题.docx

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托福口语Task4练习题

1.Task4

Logicalconsequence

Agoodargumentisonewhoseconclusionsfollowfromitspremises;itsconclusionsareconsequencesofitspremises.Butinwhatsensedoconclusionsfollowfrompremises?

Whatisitforaconclusiontobeaconsequenceofpremises?

Thosequestions,inmanyrespects,areattheheartoflogic.Logicalconsequenceisafundamentalconceptinlogic.Itistherelationshipbetweenthepremisesandtheconclusionofavalidargument.Thatistosay,inorderforakidtocorrecthisinappropriatebehavior,theadulthastoconnectitdirectlytothepunishmentgiventothekid

Ok,wehavenowunderstoodtheconceptoflogicalconsequence.I’dliketosharewithyouanexperienceaboutitofmyown.SomeofyouprobablyknowthatItaughtkidspaintingbefore.TherewasonekidcalledMary,whowasverytalentedinpainting,perhapsthecleverestkidinmyclass.However,shehadaverybadhabit:

shelikedtopaintonthedesk.Ibetyouallhavebeentoprimaryschoolandknewthatpaintingondeskswasstrictlyforbidden.SoIpunishedhertostayinsidetheroomwhiletheotherkidswereplayingoutside.Unfortunately,Marytotallyignoredmeandcarriedonwithherartworkonthedesk.Eventually,Itoldherthatifshepaintedonthedeskagain,Iwouldn’tallowhertopaintonpaperanymore,sheimmediatelyunderstoodtheconsequence.Ihopeyouallcanseetheconnectionhere.

Explainhowthelecturer’sexampledemonstratedlogicalconsequence.

2.Task4

Theeternalruleofthenature“survivalofthefittest”appliesnotonlytoanimals,butalsotoplants.Parasiticplantsarenotanexception.Theysurviveinrainforestbytwoadaptations.Thefirstadaptationisthatsomeofthemuseothertreestogetsunlight.Inordertoachievethispurpose,certainspeciesofparasiteplantclimbontotalltrees.Thesecondadaptionisthatsomeofthemhaveevolvedmanyuniqueshapesofleaves.Withthoseleaves,theplantsmayreceivenutrients,waterandevendeadinsectseasilyfromtheexternalenvironment.

Takeaparasiticplantcalledurnplantforinstance,itsmassivecanopywillblockallthesunlight,therebyabsorbingtheenergyfromthesunbyitself.Insteadofgrowingwithitsrootsontheground,itcanclimbontopofothergigantictreestotakeadvantageofthecanopypositionwhereitcanoperatethephotosynthesis.Itutilizesothertallplants'trunktosupportitselftogettothetopoftheforest.However,wheredoesit'swaterandnutritioncomefromthenonceitclimbstothatheight?

Thisisthetimewhenitsuniqueshapedleavescomeintoplay.Theseleaves

canoverlapwitheachothertoformaconeshapebowl,whichtheamplerainwatercanbecollectedandflowstoitswaterstoreroom.Moreover,thebodyofinsectswillalsoslipintothebottomofthewaterroom,wheretheyareresolvedintoliquidfertilizer,combinedwiththewaterflow.

HowdoestheexampleofurnplantdemonstratetheAdaptationstrategiesofparasiteplants?

3.Task4

Overconfidenceeffect

Theoverconfidenceeffectisawell-establishedbiasinwhichsomeone'ssubjectiveconfidenceintheirjudgmentsisreliablygreaterthantheirobjectiveaccuracy,especiallywhenconfidenceisrelativelyhigh.Accordingtoaformerresearch,whenpeopleare100%percentcertainoftheiranswertoaquestion,theyarewrong20%ofthetime.Individualswhoareoverly-confidenttendtohaveunreasonablyhighexpectationsforthemselves.Iftheresultturnsouttobeunsatisfactory,theoverconfidentindividualwillfeelmoreupsetthananormalperson.Overconfidentpeoplealsotendtocollectinformationthatareconsistentwithhisbeliefandneglectthosethatarenot.

Ok,so,justnowwetalkedaboutoverconfidenceeffect.Thisisacommonlyusedtheoryinourdailylife.Takemysonforexample,heoftenhadveryhighexpectationofhimself,especiallyforthecareerpath.So,whenhegraduatedfromtheuniversity,hereallywantedtoworkforanexcellentnewspaperoffice.But,youknow,thatwasaveryprestigiousone,soeveryyeartherewerehundredsofcandidateswhoappliedforit.Andifonewantedtobecomeamemberofthatorganization,hemighthaveoutstandingacademicperformanceandtheprofessor’srecommendationletter.Mysonalwaysworkedveryhardbutfinallyhestillcouldn’tgetthejob.So,hewasverydisappointedaboutthat.However,luckily,duetohiseffortandexcellentgrades,hefoundanotherfantasticjobsoonafterthat.

Explainhowtheexampleofthelecturer’ssondemonstratestheoverconfidenteffect.

4.Task4

Lateralthinking

Whilepeoplethinkaboutaproblem,differenttypesofthinkingmayleadtodistinctresults.Certainmethodofthinkingmayhelpsolveacertainproblemfasterthantheotheronedoes.Thereisonethinkingtypecalledlateralthinking.Itisamethodofsolvingproblemsbyusingyour

imaginationtoh