托福口语Task 4练习题.docx

1、托福口语Task 4练习题1.Task 4Logical consequenceA good argument is one whose conclusions follow from its premises; its conclusions are consequences of its premises. But in what sense do conclusions follow from premises? What is it for a conclusion to be a consequence of premises? Those questions, in many re

2、spects, are at the heart of logic. Logical consequence is a fundamental concept in logic. It is the relationship between the premises and the conclusion of a valid argument. That is to say, in order for a kid to correct his inappropriate behavior, the adult has to connect it directly to the punishme

3、nt given to the kidOk, we have now understood the concept of logical consequence. Id like to share with you an experience about it of my own. Some of you probably know that I taught kids painting before. There was one kid called Mary, who was very talented in painting, perhaps the cleverest kid in m

4、y class. However, she had a very bad habit: she liked to paint on the desk. I bet you all have been to primary school and knew that painting on desks was strictly forbidden. So I punished her to stay inside the room while the other kids were playing outside. Unfortunately, Mary totally ignored me an

5、d carried on with her artwork on the desk. Eventually, I told her that if she painted on the desk again, I wouldnt allow her to paint on paper anymore, she immediately understood the consequence. I hope you all can see the connection here.Explain how the lecturers example demonstrated logical conseq

6、uence.2. Task 4The eternal rule of the nature “survival of the fittest”applies not only to animals, but also to plants. Parasitic plants are not an exception. They survive in rainforest by two adaptations. The first adaptation is that some of them use other trees to get sunlight. In order to achieve

7、 this purpose, certain species of parasite plant climb onto tall trees. The second adaption is that some of them have evolved many unique shapes of leaves. With those leaves, the plants may receive nutrients, water and even dead insects easily from the external environment.Take a parasitic plant cal

8、led urn plant for instance, its massive canopy will block all the sunlight, thereby absorbing the energy from the sun by itself. Instead of growing with its roots on the ground, it can climb on top of other gigantic trees to take advantage of the canopy position where it can operate the photosynthes

9、is. It utilizes other tall plants trunk to support itself to get to the top of the forest. However, where does its water and nutrition come from then once it climbs to that height? This is the time when its unique shaped leaves come into play. These leavescan overlap with each other to form a cone s

10、hape bowl, which the ample rain water can be collected and flows to its water storeroom. Moreover, the body of insects will also slip into the bottom of the water room, where they are resolved into liquid fertilizer, combined with the water flow.How does the example of urn plant demonstrate the Adap

11、tation strategies of parasite plants?3. Task 4Overconfidence effectThe overconfidence effect is a well-established bias in which someones subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than their objective accuracy, especially when confidence is relatively high. According to a former r

12、esearch, when people are 100% percent certain of their answer to a question, they are wrong 20% of the time. Individuals who are overly-confident tend to have unreasonably high expectations for themselves. If the result turns out to be unsatisfactory, the overconfident individual will feel more upse

13、t than a normal person. Overconfident people also tend to collect information that are consistent with his belief and neglect those that are not.Ok, so, just now we talked about overconfidence effect. This is a commonly used theory in our daily life. Take my son for example, he often had very high e

14、xpectation of himself, especially for the career path. So, when he graduated from the university, he really wanted to work for an excellent newspaper office. But, you know, that was a very prestigious one, so every year there were hundreds of candidates who applied for it. And if one wanted to becom

15、e a member of that organization, he might have outstanding academic performance and the professors recommendation letter. My son always worked very hard but finally he still could nt get the job. So, he was very disappointed about that. However, luckily, due to his effort and excellent grades, he fo

16、und another fantastic job soon after that.Explain how the example of the lecturers so n demonstrates the overconfident effect.4. Task 4Lateral thinkingWhile people think about a problem, different types of thinking may lead to distinct results. Certain method of thinking may help solve a certain problem faster than the other one does. There is one thinking type called lateral thinking. It is a method of solving problems by using yourimagination to h