语言学课后练习附参考答案.docx

语言学课后练习附参考答案.docx

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语言学课后练习附参考答案

Chapter1

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.designfeatures2.diachronic3.arbitrariness

4.competence5.parole6.prescriptive

7.duality8.performance9.synchronic

10.descriptive11.displacement12.langue

II.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?

Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?

Answer:

Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-level

system.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’calls.

Redstop

Greengo

Yellowgetreadytogoorstop

III.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacialexpression.Dobodylanguageandfacialexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguage?

Answer:

Onthewhole,bodylanguageandfacialexpressionlackmostofthe

distinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguagesuchasduality,displacement,

creativityandsoon.Bodylanguageexhibitsarbitrarinessalittlebit.For

instance,nodmeans“OK/YES”forusbutinArabianworlditisequalto

saying“NO”.Somefacialexpressionshavenon-arbitrarinessbecause

theyareinstinctivesuchasthecryandlaughofanewborninfant.

IV.Whyisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceimportantinlinguistics?

Doyouthinkthelinecanbeneatlydrawnbetweenthem?

Howdoyouliketheconceptcommunicativecompetence?

Answer:

ThisisproposedbyChomskyinhisformalistlinguistictheories.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictline.Someresearchersinappliedlinguisticsthinkcommunicativecompetencemaybeamorerevealingconceptinlanguageteachingthanthepurelytheoreticalpair---competenceandperformance.

Chapter2

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.phonetics2.consonant3.allophone4.vowel

5.assimilation6.syllable7.intonation

8.phonology9.phoneme10.tone

II.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.

1.[ð]2.[ʃ]3.[ŋ]4.[d]5.[p]

6.[k]7.[l]8.[i]9.[u:

]10.[ɔ]

Answers:

1.[ð]:

voiceddentalfricative2.[ʃ]:

voicelesspostalveolarfricative

3.[ŋ]:

velarnasal4.[d]:

voicedalveolarstop

5.[p]:

voicelessbilabialstop6.[k]:

voicelessvelarstop

7.[l]:

（alveolar）lateral8.[i]:

highfrontunroundedlaxvowel

9.[u:

]:

highbackroundedtensevowel

10.[ɔ]:

lowbackroundedlaxvowel

III.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.

1.voicelesslabiodentalfricative2.voicedpostalveolarfricative

3.palatalapproximant4.voicelessglottalfricative

5.voicelessalveolarstop6.high-midfrontunroundedvowel

7.highcentralroundedvowel8.lowfrontroundedvowel

9.low-midbackroundedvowel

10.highbackroundedtensevowel

Answers:

1.[f]2.[Ʒ]3.[j]4.[h]5.[t]

6.[e]7.[ʉ]8.[ɶ]9.[ɔ]10.[u:

]

IV.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?

Answer:

Phoneticsisthebranchoflinguisticsstudyingthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternswheretheyfallin.Minimalpairs,phonemes,allophones,freevariation,complementarydistribution,etc.,arealltobeinvestigatedbyaphonologist.

Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.

Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itfocusesonchaos.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Aphonologiststudieswhathebelievesaremeaningfulsoundsrelatedwiththeirsemanticfeatures,morphologicalfeatures,andthewaytheyareconceivedandprintedinthedepthofthemind.Phonologicalknowledgepermitsaspeakertoproducesoundswhichformmeaningfulutterances,torecognizeaforeign“accent”,tomakeupnewwords,toaddtheappropriatephoneticsegmentstoformpluralsandpasttenses,toknowwhatisandwhatisnotasoundinone’slanguage.Itfocusesonorder.

V.Thepronunciationoftellis[teɫ],butthatoftelleris[telə].Discusswhythephoneme/l/isrealizedas[ɫ]and[l]respectivelyinthissituation.

Answer:

Thewordtellerisformedbyaddingasuffix–ertothebaseword

telltoformanewword.Weareallfamiliarwiththerulethatgovernsthe

allophonesofthephoneme/l/:

whenprecedingavowel,itis[l]andwhen

followingavowelitis[ɫ].However,intellerithasavowelbothbefore

andafterit,sohowdowedecidethatitshouldbepronouncedas[l],not

[ɫ]?

Wenoticethattellisamonosyllabicwordwhiletelleris