跨文化交际全部答案.docx
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跨文化交际全部答案
参考资料
Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures
ReadingI
InterculturalCommunication:
AnIntroduction
Comprehensionquestions
1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone‟squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld
Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin
today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare
causedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.
2.What‟sthedifferencebetweentoday‟sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast
Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany
timeinhistory.
3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday
Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.
4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”
Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.
5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication
Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).
6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit
Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.
7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture
Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.
8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto
Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.
9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist
Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.
ReadingII
TheChallengeofGlobalization
Comprehensionquestions
1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged
Manythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworldveryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthischangedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.
2.Whata“globalvillage”islike
Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―globalvillage‖,membersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemay
livethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.
3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization
Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.
4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the„global‟maybemorelocalthanthe„local‟”
Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothercountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,―the‗global‘maybemorelocalthanthe‗local‘‖.
5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld
Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.
6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith
Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.
7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay
Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.
8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization
Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.
Translation
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。
很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Unit2CultureandCommunication
ReadingI
WhatIsCulture
Comprehensionquestions
1.WhichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyoupreferWhy
Somemaypreferashortdefinition,suchastheonegivenbyE.SapirorR.Benedict,foritishighlygeneralizedandeasytoremember.Somemaypreferalongerone,suchasEdwardT.Hall‘sdefinitionofculture,becauseitprovidesuswithamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofcultureand
pointsouttheall-pervasiveimpactofcultureonhumanlifeindifferentdimensions.
2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture
Manythingscanbelearnedfromthosedefinitions,foreachdefinition,thoughnotwithoutitslimitations,tellsussomethingveryimportantaboutcultureorcertainaspect(s)ofculture.
3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds
Eventhoughthisisgenerallythecase,therewillstillbesomeexceptions.Sometimespeoplemightprefertosatisfyhigherneeds,forinstance,esteemneeds,beforetheirlowerneeds,suchascertainphysiologicalneedsorsafetyneeds,aresatisfied.
4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads
Forexample,everyonehastoeatinordertoliveandthisisuniversallytrue.However,tosatisfythisbasicneed,peopleofvariousculturesmaydoitinverydifferentways:
whattoeatandhowtoeatitvaryfromculturetoculture.
5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment
Instinctivebehaviorsarebehaviorsthatwearebornwithandwaysofdoingthingsindailylife,suchaswaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,makingfriends,marrying,anddealingwithdeatharelearnedintheculturalenvironment.
6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife
Wecanalsofindculturaldifferencesinwaysofbringingupchildren,treatingtheelderly,greetingeachother,savingandspendingmoney,andmanyotherthingspeopledoineverydaylife.
7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries
WeChinesemayenjoysomethingthatisnotusuallyconsideredasediblebytheEnglish-speakingpeople.Generallyweprefertohavethingshotandlaymuchemphasisontastes.Wetendtosharethingswitheachotherwhenweareeatingwithothers.
Fill-inTask
Fillinthefollowingblankswithatleastfivethingsinourlifethatyouthinkareaboveandfivethatarebelowthe“water”,thelevelofourconsciousness.
Thosethatareabovethe―water‖are_whattoeatandhowtoeatit;
_howtokeephealthy_;
_howtoraisechildren;
_howtoparticipateinceremonies;
_howtointroduceandgreetpeople.
Thosethatarebelowthe―water‖are_whatisgoodorbad;
_whatisrightorwrong_;
_whatisbeautifulorugly;
_whatiscleanordirty;
_howisanindividualrelatedtoothers.
Thencompareyourfill-initemswiththoseofyourclassmate,andtrytodecidewhichofthethingsaremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.
Generallyspeaking,differencesinthosethingsthatareusuallyoutsideofourconsciousawareness,.theso-called―deepculture‖,aremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Thereasonisthatthispartofcultureisinternalizedinpeople‘smindandthusishardtobeperceived.Forexample,ininterculturalcommunication,itiseasytofindoutwhatandhowpeoplefromanothercultureeat.Justhavealookattheirdiningtable,andwewillknowit.However,itismuchmoredifficulttofindoutorunderstandthevaluesthatunderliethephenomena.
Toenhancethe