湿地 外文翻译.docx

湿地 外文翻译.docx

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湿地外文翻译

CROSS-REFERENCETORELATEDAPPLICATIONS

[0001]ThisapplicationclaimsthebenefitofU.S.ProvisionalPatentApplicationsSer.No.60/870,660,filedDec.19,2006,entitled"WetlandWaterTreatmentSystem"whichisherebyincorporatedbyreferenceinitsentirety.

FIELDOFTHEINVENTION

[0002]Thepresentinventionrelates,ingeneral,toawatertreatmentsystemandamethodofusingthesame.Moreparticularly,thepresentinventionrelatestoasystemwhichremovespollutantsfromwaterandtreatsstormwaterrunofforothergreywater.Thisissystemandmethodwhereinthewaterispassedthroughawetlandfilteringandtreatmentsystem.Thisinventionremovessolids,metals（dissolved/particulate）,nutrients（dissolved/particulate）,oils,andbacterialcontaminantsfromthewater.

BACKGROUNDOFTHEINVENTION

[0003]

Watertreatmentsystemshavebeeninexistenceformanyyears.Thesesystemstreatstormwatersurfacerun-offorotherpollutedwater.Stormwatersurfacerunoffisofconcernfortwomainreasons:

onebecauseoftheeffectsofitsvolumeandflowrate,andtwo,becauseofthepollutionandcontaminationitcancarry.Thevolumeandflowrateofstormwaterisimportantbecausehighvolumesandhighflowratescancauseerosionandflooding.Pollutionandcontaminationareimportantbecausestormwateriscarriedintoourriversandstreams,fromthereintoourlakesandwetlands,andfurthermorebecauseitcaneventuallyreachouroceans.Pollutionandcontaminationthatiscarriedbystormwatercanhaveadverseaffectsonthehealthandecologicalbalanceoftheenvironment.

[0004]Beginningin1972withthepassageoftheCleanWaterActthefederalgovernmentthroughtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasmandatedprogressivelytightercontrolsoverthequantitiesofpollutantsandcontaminantsthatareallowedtobereleasedintoournation'swaters.Theseprogressivelytightermandatesalsoencompasscontrolofpeakflowsand/orvolumesandtherateatwhichtheycanbedischargedintoexistingwaterwaysordrainageinfrastructures.Theseresultingmandatesandcontrolshavegivenbirthtonewprogramsandprocedurescollectivelyreferredtoasstormwatermanagement.Devicesandprocedurethatremoveorreducethepollutantsandcontaminatesand/orcontrolpeakflowsandvolumesareoftenreferredtoasbestmanagementpracticesorBMPs.BMPsutilizenaturalmeans,artificialorman-mademeans,andevencombinationsofeitherand/orboth.SomeexamplesoftheseBMPsincludetrashfilters,sedimentationbasins,retentionanddetentionponds,wetlands,infiltrationtrenches,grassswales,varioustypesofmediafilters,andvarioustypesofnaturalfiltersystemsincludingsandfilters,andaggregatefiltersincludingnaturalandartificialwetlands.TheseBMPstypicallyuseoneormoremechanismstoremovethepollutantsandcontaminates.Thesemechanismsincludesedimentation,filtration,absorption,adsorption,flocculation,stripping,leaching,bioremediation,andchemicalprocessincludingoxidationreduction,ionexchange,andprecipitation.

[0005]Furthermore,stormwatertreatmentsystemscanalsobeclassifiedinrelationshiptothetreatmentlevelinwhichtheyarebeingused.Inthisrespectthetermtreatmentisgenerallyusedtodescribetheunitprocessesthatareusedtoreducethequantitiesofpollutantsandcontainmentsinstormwaterrunoff.Forexample,basicorpre-treatmenttypicallyreferstotheremovalofgrosssolids,sedimentsandlargerdebristhroughtheprocessesofsettlingandscreening,whileenhancedoradvancedtreatmenttypicallyreferstoprocessesforreducingtargetedpollutants;filtrationbeingthemainformofenhancedtreatmentforstormwater.Filtrationutilizesacombinationofphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocesses.Typesoffiltrationgreatlyvarydependentonthemediause.Mediascanbebothinertand/orsorbentandarealsostronglylinkedtonaturalbiologicalprocessesthatthriveinand/oraroundthemediaenvironment.Advancedfiltrationtechniquesespeciallyincludechemicalandbiologicalprocessesandgenerallyinclude,butarenotlimitedtoprocessesthatbringstormwaterincontactwithplantsincludingbothmacrophytesandmicrophytes,plantsthatarebothvisibleandinvisibletothenakedeye.Onetypeofstormwatertreatmentsystemthatisespeciallyeffectiveatadvancedtreatmentisknownasawetlandssystemoroftensimplyreferredtoasawetlands.

[0006]Whencreatingaconstructedwetlands,theobjectiveistominimizethesizeofthemediatomaximizethesurfaceareaofthemediaandtoalsomaximizecontacttimewithpossiblebiofilmwhichcangrowonthemedia,butalsotoprovidemediasufficientlylargesothattheinterspacingwillnotbeoccludedwiththesedimentationthatisbeingcarriedinthetreatedwater.Accordingly,asamatterofpracticalityitmakessensetoremoveasmuchsedimentaspossiblebeforeallowingthewatertoenterthewetlandssystem.Inthisrespectthedesignofaneffectivetreatmentsystemwouldcontainsufficientscreeningtoremovetrashanddebris,sufficientsedimentationtoremovesedimenttoalevelsufficienttomaximizetheuseofthewetlands.Andtopreserveefficientoperationofthesystem,thesystemshouldbeoperatedatanappropriateflowratethatmaintainsandpreservesthelifeandoperationofthesystemasawhole.TheaverageormeantimethatwaterremainsincontactwiththewetlandssystemistermedthehydraulicresidenttimeorHRTofthewetlands.

[0007]Givenuniformflowthroughthesedimentchamber,thesedimentationHRTisproportionaltothevolumeofthechamberandinverselyproportionaltotheflowrate.Thetimerequiredforaparticletosettleaspecificdistanceisoftenreferredasthesettlingtimeforthatparticlesizeanddensity.Becausedeepersettlingchambersrequireagreaterdistanceforparticlestosettle,deepersettlingchambershavelongerrespectivesettlingtimes.And,becausethevolumeofasedimentchamberisalsoproportionaltothedepthofthechamber,increasingthedepthincreasesboththevolume（andtherebytheHRT）andthesettlingtime.Therefore,increasingthedepthofthechamberincreasestheHRT,butmaynotincreasesettlingefficienciessincethedistancetosettleincreasesproportionallywithincreaseinHRT.Accordingly,theoverridingprincipleofachievingeffectivesedimentationistoprovidethemaximumsurfaceandfloorareasinthechamberaspossible.Otherconsiderationsaretoincreasethepathlengththroughthesedimentchambertoincreasetheuniformityoftheflowandtopreventhighflowrateconditionsfromre-suspendingexistingsediment（oftenreferredtoasscouring）.

[0008]Inasimilarmanner,thebasicprinciplesseparationthatapplytothesettlingofparticlesmoredensethanwaterapplytoparticlesthatarelessdensethanwaterexceptthattheparticlesfloattothesurfaceratherthansettletothebottomofthechamber.Becauseoilsandhydrocarbonsaretypicallylessdensethanwater,becausetheseproductscanoftenbeseparatedmechanicallybyflotation,andbecausetheproductscancreateadversebiologicaldemandsonawetlandssystemplaceddownstreamofthesedimentationandflotationchamber,itmakessensetoallowthefloatableproductstoremaininthechamberandtoremovetheout-flowwaterfrombelowthesurface.

[0009]Becausetheobjectiveofasedimentationandflotationchamberistoremovesedimentandfloatableproductsfromtheincomingwater,theaccumulatedsedimentandfloatableproductswillrequireperiodicremoval.Systemsthatareconfiguredtoalloweasyremovaloftheseproductswillundoubtedlyprovidereducedmaintenancecosts.

[0010]Flow-ratecontrolisanotherconsideration.BecausetheperformanceofsomeBMPslikesedimentationandflotationchambersandwetlandssystemsisdependentonhydraulicresidenttimes（HRTs）,optimumperformancecanbeobtainedbyhavingsufficientcontroltonotallowflowratestovaryexcessivelybeyondcertainlimits.Devicesthatcanbeusedtocontroltheflowrateincludebypasscontrolsandinletandoutletcontrolsystemssuchasadjustablevalvesororficeplates.

[0011]Becausesometreatmentlocationsmayhavehighlevelsofspecificpollutantsandcontaminates,specificconfigurationsusingadditionalBMPsmayprovidebenefitsandadvantagesabovetypicalorstandardconfigurations.SuchBMPsmayincludeadditionalfiltersystems,additionalmediachambers,aeration,bioremediationsystems,irrigationsystems,andmixingmanifolds.AnysystemthatcanbeconfiguredtoaccommodateadditionaldevicesandmethodsofpollutionandcontaminateremovalisbydefinitionamoreversatileBMP.

[0012]Thereis,thus,aneedforawetlandsstormwatertreatmentsystemwhichcantreathighlevelsofspecificpollutantsandcontaminants.

SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION

[0013]Thisinventioninvolvesamethodformanufacturingandusingawetlandswatertreatmentsystem（"system"）whichisreliable,dependable,effective,lowmaintenanceandstructurallysound.Thisisaself-containedwetlandstreatmentsystem.Thesystemandhousingiseasytomaintainandconstruct.Itincreasestheabilitytoremovenitrogenwiththeadditionofananaerobicenvironmentinthelowerchamberwhichpromotesdenitrification.Thesystemandsystemhousingcanbefabricated,built,andassembledinabroadrangeofsizesandmaterialstoaccommodateandtreatabroadrangeofinfluentflowrates.Thefunctionalcomponentsofthesystemcanbeselected,sized,tailored,andassembledtoprovidearangeofperformanceandoptionsfrombasicconfigurationstocustomizedconfigurationswhichprovidelevelsofperformancesuitedtospecificorindividualsituationswhichmayrequirevariousuniquesolutionst