马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译.docx

马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译.docx

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马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译

外文翻译

原文：

Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds

Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsisavaluableassessmenttoolthatisusedinmanydifferentprofessions,particularlythoseinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcare.Theideasofneedsareaddressedinorder,asthebodyresolvesthemostbasicneedsforsurvivalbeforemovingontomorecomplexneeds.

ManyeducationalprogramsinthehealthcarefieldteachMaslow’shierarchyinordertoaddresstheneedsofpatientsandwheretheyareintheirlifefromapsychologicalperspective,simplybecauseithelpsidentifyandaddresstheneedsofthoseparticularpatients.

Theideaofusingahierarchypyramidhelpsustolayoutthestagesofneed,startingwiththebaseofthepyramid,whichlooksatphysiologicalneeds.Asweworkourwayupthepyramid,theneedsstarttobecomemorecomplex,andincludesafetyneeds,socialneeds,esteemneeds,andfinally,attheverytop,wehaveself-actualization.ThisarticleexploresthetheoriesofAbrahamMaslowindetail,aswellasaddressesthecontroversiesthathavebeenquestionedinhistheory.ThisarticlewillalsoevaluatetheimpactofthesetheoriesonhumanbehaviorandassesseachofthecomponentscomprisedwithinMaslow’sHierarchyPyramid.

PhysiologicalNeeds

Physiologicalneedsareinfluencedgenerallythroughthecravingsthatwehave.Ifapersonisthirsty,heorshefindsadrinkingfountain.Similarly,iftheindividualishungry,heorshewillfindfood.Ifthebodyisbeingdeprivedofoxygen,itwillsurelyreact.Ifthereisavitamindeficiency,thebodyhassubtlewaysoffulfillingthatneed.

Oneexampleofhowthebodyregulatesitselfonaphysiologicallevelisbyhomeostasis.Homeostasissimplymeanstoregulate.Apartofthehumanbrain,calledthehypothalamus,playsanimportantroleinkeepingthebodyregulatedbycontrollingthebody’sthermostat,whichiscontrolledbythereleaseofseveralhormonescalledgonadotropins.

Anotherprimeexampleisthereleaseofthe“fightorflight”hormonesthataresecretedbytheadrenalmedullaoftheadrenalglands.Ifthereisaneedforthebodytodefenditself,thesehormoneswillsurgeintoactiontopreparethebodyforfightorflight.Thesehormones,althoughtheyplayanimportantrole,arekeptincompliancebyregulatorymechanismswithinthebrain.

Throughoutlife,theideaofphysiologicalneedsremainsconsistent.Theneedtomaintainadequatephysiologicalbalancewillalwaysbeessential,andmaykickintoactioninverydifferentwaysatvariousdifferenttimes,whethertheindividualsexperiencingitareawareofitornot.Forexample,howwouldanyoneevergetagoodnight’ssleepiftheyhadtoliterallythinkabouttheirbreathingpattern,heartrateorbloodpressureonaconsciouslevel?

Suresomepeoplemayhavetogetupduringthenighttousetherestroomorgrabaglassofwater,butrememberthatthisisallpartofhowthebodyregulatesitself.

Thenotionthatphysiologicalneedstieintoother,morecomplexneedsofthehierarchyisveryrelevant.Maslowbelievedthatoncethephysiologicalneedsaremetinsufficientdetail,peoplemoveontoaddressthesemorecomplexneeds.Safetyandsecuritymakeupthenextplatformofthepyramid.

SafetyNeeds

Muchlikephysiologicalneedsrequiremaintenancethroughoutlife,sodoestheneedtofeelsecure.Thisneedismorepsychological.Withthatbeingsaid,safetyneedsmaybedifferentforeachindividual,dependingonwhereheorsheisinlife.Forachild,thisneedmaymanifestastheneedforasafefamilyenvironment.Therehastobesecurityinthehome,withwarmthandlove.Whenafamilyisdysfunctional,itmakesitdifficultforthatchildtomoveuptothenextlevelofsocialneedsbecausefearisoftenpresent.

Foradults,thisneedmaybeeconomicinnature.Ifapersonloseshisorherjob,forexample,fearandanxietywillhaveanimpactonthatperson’ssociallife,andmaycausehimorhertoregress.Additionally,adultsarenotimmunetotheneedofsafety.Insomepartsoftheworld,wherethereischaos,peoplearestuckatthislevelofneedingtofeelsafe.Thegoalofconsistentlymeetingtheneedforsafetyistohavestabilityinone’slife.Itistheideaofbeingabletowalkaroundtheblockatnightwithouttheworryofbeingmugged.

BelongingNeeds

Advancingupthehierarchypyramid,thenextlevelrepresentstheneedtobelongonasociallevel.Thesociallevelgenerallybecomesthepriorityonlyafterthephysiologicalandsafetyneedshavebeensufficientlymetandmaintained.Asenseofbelongingcanbefeltwhenanindividualbecomesmorefocusedonthedesiretobuildrelationshipswithothers.Thisincludesthedesireforaromanticpartner,tohaveclosefriends,andmaybetogetmarriedandhavechildren.

Asenseoraneedtobelong,atanystage,isinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Someofthese