Visualization of PLC Programs using XML可视化的PLC程序使用XML中英文文献翻译.docx

Visualization of PLC Programs using XML可视化的PLC程序使用XML中英文文献翻译.docx

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VisualizationofPLCProgramsusingXML可视化的PLC程序使用XML中英文文献翻译

VisualizationofPLCProgramsusingXML

M.BaniYounisandG.Frey

JuniorprofessorshipAgentenbasedAutomation

UniversityofKaiserslautem

P.0.Box3049,D-67653Kaiserslautem,Germany

Abstract-DuetothegrowingcomplexityofPLCprogramsthereisanincreasinginterestintheapplicationofformalmethodsinthisarea.Formalmethodsallowrigidprovingofsystempropertiesinverificationandvalidation.OnewaytoapplyformalmethodsistoutilizeaformaldesignapproachinPLCprogramming.However,forexistingsoftwarethathastobeoptimized,changed,orportedtonewsystems.ThereistheneedforanapproachthatcanstartfromagivenPLCprogram.Therefore,formalizationofPLCprogramsisatopicofcurrentresearch.Thepaperoutlinesare-engineeringapproachbasedontheformalizationofPLCprograms.ThetransformationintoavendorindependentformatandthevisualizationofthestructureofPLCprogramsisidentifiedasanimportantintermediatestepinthisprocess.ItisshownhowXMLandcorrespondingtechnologiescanbeusedfortheformalizationandvisualizationofanexistingPLCprogram.

I.INTRODUCTION

ProgrammableLogicControllers（PLCs）areaspecialtypeofcomputersthatareusedinindustrialandsafetycriticalapplications.ThepurposeofaPLCistocontrolaparticularprocess,oracollectionofprocesses,byproducingelectricalcontrolsignalsinresponsetoelectricalprocess-relatedinputssignals.ThesystemscontrolledbyPLCsvarytremendously,withapplicationsinmanufacturing,chemicalprocesscontrol,machining,transportation,powerdistribution,andmanyotherfields.Automationapplicationscanrangeincomplexityfromasimplepaneltooperatethelightsandmotorizedwindowshadesinaconferenceroomtocompletelyautomatedmanufacturinglines.

Withthewideningoftheirapplicationhorizon，PLCprogramsarebeingsubjecttoincreasedcomplexityandhighqualitydemandsespeciallyforsafety-criticalapplications.ThegrowingcomplexityoftheapplicationswithinthecomplianceoflimiteddevelopmenttimeaswellasthereusabilityofexistingsoftwareorPLCmodulesrequiresaformalapproachtobedeveloped[I].Ensuringthehighqualitydemandsrequiresverificationandvalidationproceduresaswellasanalysisandsimulationofexistingsystemstobecarriedout[2].OneoftheimportantfieldsfortheformalizationofPLCprogramsthathavebeengrowingupinrecenttimeisReverse-engineering[3].ReverseEngineeringisaprocessofevaluatingsomethingtounderstandhowitworksinordertoduplicateorenhanceit.WhilethereuseofPLCcodesisbeingestablishedasatoolforcombatingthecomplexityofPLCprograms,ReverseEngineeringissupposedtoreceiveincreasedimportanceinthecomingyearsespeciallyifexitinghardwarehastobereplacedbynewhardwarewithdifferentprogrammingenvironments

VisualizationofexistingPLCprogramsisanimportantintermediatestepofReverseEngineering.ThepaperprovidesanapproachtowardsthevisualizationofPLCprogramsusingXMLwhichisanimportantapproachfortheorientationandbetterunderstandingforengineersworkingwithPLCprograms.

Thepaperisstructuredasfollows.First,ashortintroductiontoPLCsandthecorrespondingprogrammingtechniquesaccordingtotheIEC61131-3standardisgiven.InSectionⅢanapproachforRe-engineeringbasedonformalizationofPLCprogramsisintroduced.ThetransformationofthePLCcodeintoavendorindependentformatisidentifiedasanimportantfirststepinthisprocess.XMLandcorrespondingtechnologiessuchasXSLandXSLTthatcanbeusedinthistransformationarepresentedinSectionIV.SectionVpresentstheapplicationofXMLforthevisualizationofPLCprogramsandillustratestheapproachwithanexample.ThefinalSectionsummarizestheresultsandgivesanoutlookonfutureworkinthisongoingproject.

ⅡPLCANDIEC61131

Sinceitsinceptionintheearly‘70sthePLCreceivedincreasingattentionduetoitssuccessinfulfillingtheobjectiveofreplacinghard-wiredcontrolequipmentsatmachines.Eventuallyitgrewupasadistinctfieldofapplication,researchanddevelopment,mainlyforControlEngineering.

IEC61131isthefirstrealendeavourtostandardizePLCprogramminglanguagesforindustrialautomation.InI993theInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission[4]publishedtheIEC61131IntemationalStandardforProgrammableControllers.BeforethestandardizationPLCprogramminglanguageswerebeingdevelopedasproprietaryprogramminglanguagesusabletoPLCsofaspecialvendor.Butinordertoenhancecompatibility,opennessandinteroperabilityamongdifferentproductsaswellastopromotethedevelopmentoftoolsandmethodologieswithrespecttoafixedsetofnotationstheIEC61131standardevolved.Thethirdpartofthisstandarddefinesasuitoffiveprogramminglanguages:

InstructionList（IL）isalow-leveltextuallanguagewithastructuresimilartoassembler.OriginatedinEuropeILisconsideredtobethePLClanguageinwhichallotherIEC61131-3languagescanbetranslated.

LadderDiagram（LO）isagraphicallanguagethathasitsrootsintheUSA.LDsconformtoaprogrammingstyleborrowedfromelectronicandelectricalcircuitsforimplementingcontrollogics.

StructuredText（STJisaverypowerfulhigh-levellanguage.STborrowsitssyntaxfromPascal,augmentingitwithsomefeaturesfromAda.STcontainsalltheessentialelementsofamodemprogramminglanguage.

FunctionBlockDiagram（FBD）isagraphicallanguageanditisverycommontotheprocessindustry.Inthislanguagecontrollersaremodelledassignalanddataflowsthroughfunctionblocks.FBDtransformstextualprogrammingintoconnectingfunctionblocksandthusimprovesmodularityandsoftwarereuse.

SequentialFunctionChart（SFC）isagraphicallanguage.SFCelementsaredefinedforstructuringtheorganizationofprogrammablecontrollerprograms.

OneproblemwithIEC61131-3isthatthereisnostandardizedformatfortheprojectinformationinaPLCprogrammingtool.Atthemomentthereareonlyvendorspecificformats.Thisisalsoonereasonfortherestrictionofformalizationapproachestosingleprogramsoralgorithms.However,recentlythePLCusers’organizationPLCopen（seehttp:

//www.plcopen.org）startedaTechnicalCommitteetodefineanXMLbasedformatforprojectsaccordingtoIEC61131-3.ThisnewformatwilleasetheaccessofformalizationtoolstoallrelevantinformationofaPLCproject.

Ⅲ.RE-ENGINEERINGAPPROACH

Thepresentedapproachtowardsre-engineering（cf.Fig.1）isbasedupontheconceptionthatXMLcanbeusedasamediuminwhichPLCcodeswillbetransformed.

Thistransformationofferstheadvantageofobtainingavendorindependentspecificationcode.（EvenifthePLCopensucceedsindefiningastandardizedformatforPLCapplications,therewillremainalotofexistingprogramsthatdonotconformtothisstandard.）

Basedonthiscodeastep-wisetransformationtoaformalmodel（automata）isplanned.Thismodelcanthenbeusedforanalysis,simulation,formalverificationandvalidation,andfinallyforthere-implementationoftheoptimizedalgorithmonthesameoranotherPLC.

Sincere-engineeringofcompleteprogramswill,inmostcases,beonlyasemi-automaticprocess,intermediatevisualizationofthecodeisanimportantpoint.Atdifferentstagesoftheprocessdifferentaspectsofthecodeand/orformalmodelhavetobevisualizedinawaythatadesignercanguidethefurtherwork.XMLwithitspowerfulvisualizationandtransformationtoolsisanidealtoolforsolvingthistask.

IV.XMLASATOOLFORVISUALIZATION

XML（extensibleMarkupLanguage）isasimpleandflexiblemeta-language,i.e，alanguagefordescribingotherlanguages.TailoredbytheWorldWideWebConsortium（W3C）asadialectofSGML[S],XMLremovestwoconstraintswhichwereholdingbackWebdevelopments[6].Thedependenceonasingle,inflexibledocumenttype（HTML）whichwasbeingmuchabusedfortasksitwasneverdesignedforononeside;andthecomplexityoffullSGML,whosesyntaxallowsmanypowerfulbuthard-to-programoptionsontheotherside.

WhileHTMLdescribeshowdatashouldbepresented,XMLdescribesthedataitself.Anumberofindustriesandscientificdisciplines-medicalrecordsandnewspaperpublishingamongthem-arealreadyusingXMLtoexchangeinformationacrossplatformsandapplications.XMLcanbetailoredtodescribevirtuallyanykindofinformationinaformthattherecipientoftheinformationcanuseinavarietyofways.Itisspecificallydesignedtosupportinformationexchangebetweensystemsthatusefundamentallydifferentformsofdatarepresentation,asforexamplebetweenCADandschedulingapplications.

UsingXMLwithitspowerfulparsersandinherentrobustnessintermsofsyntacticandsemanticgrammarismoreadvantageousthantheconventionalmethodofusingalexicalanalyzerandavalidatingparser（cf.Fig.2,[7]）.

Theconventionalmethodofanalysisofprogramcoderequiresascanner（lexicalanalyser）whichgeneratesasetofterminalsymbols（tokens）followedbyaparserthat

checksthegrammaticalstructureofthecodeandgeneratesanobjectnet.Intheobjectnettheinternalstructureoftheprogramisrepresentedbyidentifiedobjectsandtherelationsbetweenthem.Boththescannerandtheparsertobeusedinthismethodaredocumentorientedwhichimpliesthatanalysisofdifferenttypesofdocumentsrequiresrewritingthegeneratedcodeforthescannerandtheparser.Anexampleofanapplicationofthismethodcanbefoundin[8].

ThemostpromisingaspectofusingXMLinsteadisthatXMLanditscomplementaryapplicationsfortransfo