药理学中重要名词解释Explanation of important nouns in pharmacologyWord格式.docx

药理学中重要名词解释Explanation of important nouns in pharmacologyWord格式.docx

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Distribution:

theprocessbywhichdrugsareabsorbedandtransportedtotissuesthroughoutthecirculation.

Agingcurve:

acurveshowingtheeffectofadrugovertime.

Plasmahalf-life:

bloodconcentrationdecreasedbyhalfofthetime（t1/2）.

Bioavailability:

-referstotherelativevolumeandvelocityabsorbedintothebodycirculationafterremovaloftheliver'

sfirstpass.F=A/D,Drepresentsthedosage,andAindicatesthedosetoenterthesystemiccirculation.

Absoluteoralbioavailability:

theratioofextravascularadministrationofAUCtoAUCafterintravenousinjection.

Therelativebioavailabilityofdrugdosageforms,theabsorptionrateofF=reagent,AUC/standardAUCcanbeusedasmedicine,drugqualityindexappraisal.

Zeroordereliminationkinetics:

whenthedruginthebodytoomuch,thebodywithitsmaximumabilitytoeliminatedrugs,eliminationratehasnothingtodowiththeC0,itwasataconstantspeed（alsoknownasquantitativeeasing）;

plasmahalf-lifeisnotfixed,whenthebloodconcentrationdecreasedtobelowthemaximumeliminationcapacity,accordingtoafirst-orderelimination.

Firstorderkineticswithaconstantdrugeliminationratio,perunittimetoeliminatethedosedecreasewithtime,drughalf-lifehasnothingtodowiththelevelofconcentrationisconstant,adrugafterdrug,after5t1/2invivohasbeenbasicallyeliminated,every1t1/2administeredonce,afterupto5t1/2steadystate.

Steadystatebloodconcentration:

onceevery1t1/2,thedoseisequal,thenafter5t1/2,theamountofdrugsremovedandtheamountofdrugsenteringthebodyisequalto,thatis,steadystate.

Plasmaclearance:

drugperunittimesomevolumeoftheplasmaistoremovethebody,unitL/h,drugsforliverandkidneyeliminationrateofCL=RE（totaleliminationrate（/Cp）plasmadrugconcentrationatthetime）.

Apparentvolumeofdistribution（Vd）:

intravenousinjectionofacertainamountofdrugs,tobedistributedafterequilibrium,accordingtothemeasuredplasmaconcentration,calculatedtheamountofplasmathatthedrugshouldpossess.

Drugaction:

theinitialreactionbetweendrugsandthecellsofthebody.Itistheagent,themolecularreactionmechanism,andhasitsspecificity.

Pharmacologicaleffects:

theresultofdrugaction,theperformanceofthebody'

sresponse.

Adversereactions:

notconsistentwiththepurposeofmedication,andbringdiscomfortandpaintothepatient.

Drug-induceddisease:

adrug-induced,serious,ordifficulttorecoveradversereaction.

Sideeffects:

othereffectsoccurringattherapeuticdosesthatdonotcorrespondtothepurposeofthedrug.

Residualeffect:

theresidualpharmacologicaleffectafterthewithdrawalofserumconcentrationhasdroppedbelowthethresholdconcentration.

Withdrawalreaction:

suddenonsetofdiseaseresultingfromsuddendiscontinuationofthedrug（alsoknownasareboundreaction）.

Toxicreaction:

ahazardousreactionthatoccurswhenthedosageistoolargeortoomuch.

Doseeffectrelationship:

theratioofpharmacologicaleffectstodosesatacertainconcentration.

Thedose-responsecurveineffectasordinateandconcentrationasabscissamapping,rectangularhyperbola.Thedrugconcentrationcanbeplottedbynumericalvalue,anditisatypicalsymmetricalScurve,whichisadoseeffectcurve.

Minimumeffectivedose:

thresholddoseforstiffnessinducedeffects.

Medianeffectivedose（ED50）:

adoseofpositive（Qualitative）or50%maximaleffect（doseresponse）couldbeinducedin50%oftheanimals.

Medianmaximumeffectconcentration（EC50）:

concentrationof50%maximumeffect.

Medianlethaldose（LD50）:

adosethatcouldcausedeathin50%experimentalanimals.

Mediandoseofintoxication（TD50）:

adosethatcouldcausepoisoningin50%laboratoryanimals.

Effectiveness:

continuetoincreasetheconcentrationordose,andtheeffectnolongercontinuestorise,referredtoaspotency（i.e.,maximumeffect）.

Valencestrength:

therelativeconcentrationordosethatcancauseanequivalentreaction（usuallyusinga50%effectdose）.

Structure-activityrelationship:

therelationshipbetweenthechemicalstructureofthedrugandthedrugeffect,whereinthechemicalstructureofthedrugconsistsofthebasicskeletonofthedrug,theactivegroup,thelengthofthesidechain,andthethree-dimensionalconfiguration.

Isakindofproteinfunction:

receptormediatedsignaltransduction,cantracesomechemicalidentificationofthesurroundingenvironment,thedrugbindsthroughtheintermediaryofsignaltransductionandamplification,cantriggerphysiologicalresponsesandpharmacologicaleffect.

Ligand:

asubstancethatcanspecificallybindtoreceptors.

Agonists:

ligandsthatactivatereceptorsarecalledagonists,andreceptoragonistshaveastrongaffinityforthecorrespondingreceptorsandhavestrongintrinsicactivity.

Anendogenoussubstance,suchasaneurotransmitter,hormone,oranactivesubstance,thatcanbindspecificallytothereceptor.

Antagonist:

aligandthatblocksreceptors,calledantagonists.

Competitiveantagonist:

adrugthatcompeteswithagonistsandreversiblycombineswiththereceptor.

Antagonistparameter（pA2）:

thenegativelogarithmofthecompetitiveantagonistconcentrationrequiredtodoubletheagonistdoseandmaintaintheeffectunchanged.

Noncompetitiveantagonists:

drugsthatbindstronglytothereceptorandslowdownorirreversiblybindafterbinding;

inthedoseeffectcurve,EmaxdecreasesandKDdoesnotchange.

Partialagonist:

drugandreceptoraffinity,butintrinsicactivityislimited,withagonistandantagonistduality,whenagonistsinsmalldoses,theagonisteffectandsynergy,reachedEmax,andthereceptoragonistcompetitionisacompetitiveantagonismrelationship.

Drugequivalentandbiologicalequivalent:

theformerreferstotheamountofdrugscontainedindifferentpreparationsequal;

thelatterreferstothedifferentdosageofdrugscanachievethesameplasmaconcentrationoftheratioofthedose.

Synergy:

thecombinationoftwoormorethantwodrugsinordertoincreasetheeffectivenessofthetreatment.

Antagonism:

theuseofdrugsincombinationtoreduceadversedrugreactions.

Incompatibility:

referstothedruginvitrocompatibility,directphysiologicalinteractionandinfluencetheefficacy.

Rapidtolerance:

whenadrugisrepeatedseveraltimesoverashortperiodoftime,theefficacydiminishesuntilitdisappears.

Tolerance:

whencontinuousmedicationisused,thebody'

sresponsetothedrugisdecreased,andthedosageisincreasedtomaintaintheefficacy.

Drugresistance:

adecreaseinsusceptibilitytorepeatedchemotherapeuticagents,orresistance,topathogensortumorcells.

Habituation:

thefeelingofsubjectivediscomfortcausedbywithdrawal,andthecravingforcontinueduseofthedrug.

Addiction:

theuseofcertaindrugs,suchasmorphine,toinduceeuphoriaandseverewithdrawalsymptomsafterwithdrawal.

Dependence:

bothhabituationandaddiction,bothofwhicharesubjectiveandrequireacontinuoususeofdrugs,collectivelyreferredtoasdependence.

Drugabuse:

referstotheabsenceofdiseasebased,long-term,largenumberofselfmedication.

Individualdifferences:

thesamedrugmaynotachievethesamebloodconcentrationindifferentpatients,andthesamebloodconcentrationmaynotachievethesameeffect.Theindividualdrugresponseiscalledindividualdifference.

Ingestionof-1:

reuptakeofnorepinephrinebynerveterminals.

Ingestionof-2:

reuptakeofnorepinephrinebynonneuronaltissues,suchasmyocardiumandbloodvessels.

Spasmofaccommodation:

thepilocarpineeffectofciliarymuscleMreceptor,ciliarymusclecontraction,ligamentrelaxation,convexlens,myopiadiopterincreases,hyperopiablurredobjectclearly.

Controlparalysis:

AtropineciliarymusclebreakingMreceptor,ciliarymusclerelaxation,suspensoryligamenttension,flatlens,diopterdecreasedhyperopiamyopiablurredobjectclearly.

Depolarizingmusclerelaxants:

drugsthatcombinewiththeN2receptorproduceamorepersistentdepolarizationsimilartoAch,whichmakestheN2receptordonotrespondtoAchandrelaxskeletalmuscles.

Nondepolarizingmusclerelaxant:

acombinationofdrugsandN2receptorsthatcompetitivelyblockAchbyblockingN2receptorsandrelaxingskeletalmuscle.

Reversalofadrenergicaction:

alphablockerscanturnthepressoreffectofepinephrineintoahypotensiveeffect.

Intrinsicpseudosympatheticactivity:

somebetablockersbindtothebetareceptor,blockingthereceptorinvitroandpartlyactivatingthebetareceptor.

Thrombolyticdrugs:

fibrinolyticagents,activatedplasminfibrinolyticandthrombolysisforthetreatmentofacutethromboembolicdisease.

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