药理学中重要名词解释Explanation of important nouns in pharmacologyWord格式.docx

1、Distribution: the process by which drugs are absorbed and transported to tissues throughout the circulation.Aging curve: a curve showing the effect of a drug over time.Plasma half-life: blood concentration decreased by half of the time （t1/2）.Bioavailability: - refers to the relative volume and velo

2、city absorbed into the body circulation after removal of the livers first pass. F = A/D, D represents the dosage, and A indicates the dose to enter the systemic circulation.Absolute oral bioavailability: the ratio of extravascular administration of AUC to AUC after intravenous injection.The relative

3、 bioavailability of drug dosage forms, the absorption rate of F= reagent, AUC/ standard AUC can be used as medicine, drug quality index appraisal.Zero order elimination kinetics: when the drug in the body too much, the body with its maximum ability to eliminate drugs, elimination rate has nothing to

4、 do with the C0, it was at a constant speed （also known as quantitative easing）; plasma half-life is not fixed, when the blood concentration decreased to below the maximum elimination capacity, according to a first-order elimination.First order kinetics with a constant drug elimination ratio, per un

5、it time to eliminate the dose decrease with time, drug half-life has nothing to do with the level of concentration is constant, a drug after drug, after 5 t1/2 in vivo has been basically eliminated, every 1 t1/2 administered once, after up to 5 t1/2 steady state.Steady state blood concentration: onc

6、e every 1 t1/2, the dose is equal, then after 5 t1/2, the amount of drugs removed and the amount of drugs entering the body is equal to, that is, steady state.Plasma clearance: drug per unit time some volume of the plasma is to remove the body, unit L/h, drugs for liver and kidney elimination rate o

7、f CL=RE （total elimination rate （/Cp） plasma drug concentration at the time）.Apparent volume of distribution （Vd）: intravenous injection of a certain amount of drugs, to be distributed after equilibrium, according to the measured plasma concentration, calculated the amount of plasma that the drug sh

8、ould possess.Drug action: the initial reaction between drugs and the cells of the body. It is the agent, the molecular reaction mechanism, and has its specificity.Pharmacological effects: the result of drug action, the performance of the bodys response.Adverse reactions: not consistent with the purp

9、ose of medication, and bring discomfort and pain to the patient.Drug-induced disease: a drug-induced, serious, or difficult to recover adverse reaction.Side effects: other effects occurring at therapeutic doses that do not correspond to the purpose of the drug.Residual effect: the residual pharmacol

10、ogical effect after the withdrawal of serum concentration has dropped below the threshold concentration.Withdrawal reaction: sudden onset of disease resulting from sudden discontinuation of the drug （also known as a rebound reaction）.Toxic reaction: a hazardous reaction that occurs when the dosage i

11、s too large or too much.Dose effect relationship: the ratio of pharmacological effects to doses at a certain concentration.The dose-response curve in effect as ordinate and concentration as abscissa mapping, rectangular hyperbola. The drug concentration can be plotted by numerical value, and it is a

12、 typical symmetrical S curve, which is a dose effect curve.Minimum effective dose: threshold dose for stiffness induced effects.Median effective dose （ED 50）: a dose of positive （Qualitative） or 50% maximal effect （dose response） could be induced in 50% of the animals.Median maximum effect concentra

13、tion （EC 50）: concentration of 50% maximum effect.Median lethal dose （LD 50）: a dose that could cause death in 50% experimental animals.Median dose of intoxication （TD 50）: a dose that could cause poisoning in 50% laboratory animals.Effectiveness: continue to increase the concentration or dose, and

14、the effect no longer continues to rise, referred to as potency （i.e., maximum effect）.Valence strength: the relative concentration or dose that can cause an equivalent reaction （usually using a 50% effect dose）.Structure-activity relationship: the relationship between the chemical structure of the d

15、rug and the drug effect, wherein the chemical structure of the drug consists of the basic skeleton of the drug, the active group, the length of the side chain, and the three-dimensional configuration.Is a kind of protein function: receptor mediated signal transduction, can trace some chemical identi

16、fication of the surrounding environment, the drug binds through the intermediary of signal transduction and amplification, can trigger physiological responses and pharmacological effect.Ligand: a substance that can specifically bind to receptors.Agonists: ligands that activate receptors are called a

17、gonists, and receptor agonists have a strong affinity for the corresponding receptors and have strong intrinsic activity.An endogenous substance, such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or an active substance, that can bind specifically to the receptor.Antagonist: a ligand that blocks receptors, called

18、 antagonists.Competitive antagonist: a drug that competes with agonists and reversibly combines with the receptor.Antagonist parameter （pA 2）: the negative logarithm of the competitive antagonist concentration required to double the agonist dose and maintain the effect unchanged.Non competitive anta

19、gonists: drugs that bind strongly to the receptor and slow down or irreversibly bind after binding; in the dose effect curve, Emax decreases and KD does not change.Partial agonist: drug and receptor affinity, but intrinsic activity is limited, with agonist and antagonist duality, when agonists in sm

20、all doses, the agonist effect and synergy, reached Emax, and the receptor agonist competition is a competitive antagonism relationship.Drug equivalent and biological equivalent: the former refers to the amount of drugs contained in different preparations equal; the latter refers to the different dos

21、age of drugs can achieve the same plasma concentration of the ratio of the dose.Synergy: the combination of two or more than two drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment.Antagonism: the use of drugs in combination to reduce adverse drug reactions.Incompatibility: refers to the d

22、rug in vitro compatibility, direct physiological interaction and influence the efficacy.Rapid tolerance: when a drug is repeated several times over a short period of time, the efficacy diminishes until it disappears.Tolerance: when continuous medication is used, the bodys response to the drug is dec

23、reased, and the dosage is increased to maintain the efficacy.Drug resistance: a decrease in susceptibility to repeated chemotherapeutic agents, or resistance, to pathogens or tumor cells.Habituation: the feeling of subjective discomfort caused by withdrawal, and the craving for continued use of the

24、drug.Addiction: the use of certain drugs, such as morphine, to induce euphoria and severe withdrawal symptoms after withdrawal.Dependence: both habituation and addiction, both of which are subjective and require a continuous use of drugs, collectively referred to as dependence.Drug abuse: refers to

25、the absence of disease based, long-term, large number of self medication.Individual differences: the same drug may not achieve the same blood concentration in different patients, and the same blood concentration may not achieve the same effect. The individual drug response is called individual diffe

26、rence.Ingestion of -1: reuptake of norepinephrine by nerve terminals.Ingestion of -2: reuptake of norepinephrine by non neuronal tissues, such as myocardium and blood vessels.Spasm of accommodation: the pilocarpine effect of ciliary muscle M receptor, ciliary muscle contraction, ligament relaxation,

27、 convex lens, myopia diopter increases, hyperopia blurred object clearly.Control paralysis: Atropine ciliary muscle breaking M receptor, ciliary muscle relaxation, suspensory ligament tension, flat lens, diopter decreased hyperopia myopia blurred object clearly.Depolarizing muscle relaxants: drugs t

28、hat combine with the N2 receptor produce a more persistent depolarization similar to Ach, which makes the N2 receptor do not respond to Ach and relax skeletal muscles.Non depolarizing muscle relaxant: a combination of drugs and N2 receptors that competitively block Ach by blocking N2 receptors and r

29、elaxing skeletal muscle.Reversal of adrenergic action: alpha blockers can turn the pressor effect of epinephrine into a hypotensive effect.Intrinsic pseudo sympathetic activity: some beta blockers bind to the beta receptor, blocking the receptor in vitro and partly activating the beta receptor.Thrombolytic drugs: fibrinolytic agents, activated plasmin fibrinolytic and thrombolysis for the treatment of acute thromboembolic disease.G-C