陈映芳当前中国城市的居住生活安全问题Chen Yingfang the safety of living in Chinese citiesWord文档格式.docx
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Chenyingfang
(speechattheInternationalSymposiumonhumansecurityandtheHarmoniousSociety:
ChinaandAsia)inJune21,2006,NankaiUniversity
1,aboutthesafetyofresidentiallife"
ThistopicisoneofthesubjectsIhavebeenworkingonalltheseyears.Itismainlyaboutthestudyoftherelationshipbetweentherenovationandrenewalofmoderncitiesandthereconstructionofresidents'
lives.Thisissueisalsoaninternationalproblem,anditinvolvesmanyaspects.Ijustwanttotakethisopportunitytosortoutsomeoftheproblemstoday,andoneofthewords"
thisquestionjustwiththemeetingisdirectlyrelatedtohumansecurity,fromwhichwecanextractanewproblem,thisisthelivingsecurity.
Inmyresearch,therearetwoconceptswhicharemoreimportant,oneistheconceptofJapanesesociology,thelifestructure"
.ThisconceptisnotseeninAmericanandEuropeanSociology,butitisaveryimportantareainsociology,especiallyinurbansociology.Thisconceptreferstothebasicelementsofhumanlife,suchastime,space,income,economy,family,socialrelationsandsoon.Humanlifeitselfismadeupoftheseelements.Itisanorganiccombinationofallkindsoffactors.Forexample,eachofuslivesinthecity,basicallyhasanode,whichbelongstotheelementsofthespatialstructure.Timeisalsoforallwalksoflifeandprofessions.Infact,theelementsoftimearedifferent.Inaddition,everyone'
sincome,expensesandsoon,ofcourse,arealsoimportantelementsoflife.Theelementsareorganicallycombined.
Anotherconceptis"
livability."
.02years,theUnitedStateshasabookonurbanlife,mainlyonthisissue,istostudytheurbanlifeofdevelopingcountries,isaboutthehabitabilityofthecity.City,agoodcity,itshouldprovidegoodconditionsandenvironmentforpeople'
slife,issuchaconcept.There'
salotinvolvedhere.Thereasonwhywewillstudytheintroductionofthisconcept,becausenowwetalkaboutthecity,especiallythetransformationofthecity,leadingthetransformationbasicallyisinwith"
live"
thegovernmentisalsoanimportantreasonforthis,thetransformationofthecityistoimprovethelivingconditionsofthepeople"
.Thejustificationforthepresenturbanrenewalmovementisjustified.Butweshouldstudywhatkindofcityisreallylivablecity.
Withjustafewconcepts,people'
slivinglifeinvolvesastructuralproblem,involvingavarietyoffactorssuchastimeandspace,occupation,leisure,thefamilylife,socialactivities,socialnetworkresidents,etc..Differentfromthesocialdimension,livinglifeinvolvespersonal,family,andcommunityindifferentlife,includingnowwesay"
small"
(themaincarrierofneighbourhood),alsomayberelatedtotheregionalsociety.Differentkindsoflifeproblemsneedtobeconsideredfromdifferentdimensions.Livablecitiesshouldnotonlyprovidegoodlivingconditionsandprovideconvenientlivingcity,butalsoshouldbeabletomaintainthelivingstructureoftheresidentsoftheorganiccity.
2,therighttolive
Anotherkeytomyspeechtodayis"
therighttolive."
"
.Ifwetalkaboutthenarrowrighttolive,thenwecanmainlyinterpretitaslegalrights.Buthowcantherightsconferredbythestatelawbeimplementedbyeverycitizen?
Thisisstillaproblem.
Therightofhabitationinvolvestheownershipanduserightofland.InChina,theownershipofurbanlandisownedbythestate,andtheresidentshavetherighttouseit.Butnowtheexpansionofthecityinvolvesfarmersinthesuburbs.Therurallandinthesuburbsiscollectivelyowned,wherethereisalandownershipproblem,andtheownerofthelandandtheownershipofthehomesteadisthepeasant(collective).
Inaddition,therighttohousingalsoincludespropertyrights,andmanyresidentsinthecityhavepropertyrights.Inaddition,therightofresidencealsoincludestherighttousethehouse.Manyresidentshavetherighttousethehouseasdeterminedbylaw.Thiskindofrightcanbeexchangedinthemarket.
Thatistosay,residents,andfarmersinthesuburbs,havesomanyrightstotheirproperty.Then,ourgovernmentintheurbantransformation,housingrelocationprocessishowtoimplementtheresidents'
righttolive?
Nowwecanseesomeinstitutionalimplementation,suchaseconomiccompensation,monetarycompensation,orphysical(housing)compensation.Ofcourse,theurbanandruralareasaredifferent,andforurbanresidents,aspeople,theirownershipofstate-ownedlandisbasicallyempty,
Thedegreeofprotectionoftherighttouseisalsoverylimited,andthegovernmentcanrecovertherighttousethelandinthehandsoftheresidentsinaccordancewithitsownneeds.Then,inruralareas,theirhomesteadwillbereplaced,butinfact,thecollectiveownershipofthevillagenow,howtoimplementtheindividualrights,thisisstillaproblem.
Theprotectionofresidents'
livingisrelatedtolandownershipatfirst.Inmostcountriesallovertheworld,thelandisprivate,whetheritisthecityorthecountry.China'
surbanlandownershipproblem,inAsia,firstofall,unlikeJapanandSouthKorea,veryfewcomparable.Butapartfromthemainland,wehaveaHongkongtoreferto.Hongkong'
surbanlandisalsoownedbythegovernment,notprivate.Undersuchasystem,theHousingAuthority,narrowsenseofhousingsecurity,thereisaproblem:
howtoprotecttheirhomesandneighborhoods?
Wecansee,Hongkonginresidentialpolicy,urbantransformationandresettlementissues,thepublicandthegovernment'
soppositionisalsoverysharp.Butrelativelyspeaking,thesituationinthemainlandismoreprominent,becausethegovernmentismorepowerful.Yesterday,someonediscussedwithme,saying,"
apartfromtheownershipofland,doyoustillhavepropertyownership?
Butthereisapremise,thislandisthestate,andnowactually"
state-ownedland"
basicallybeconvertedinto"
allgovernment"
theinterestsoflandownedbythegovernment,thepublichasnorighttousethelandcanrestrictthegovernmentpower.Wereturnedtothecity49yearslater,sothepublicownershipofthecitywasverysmooth,becausethelandbelowyourhousewasnational.Thesameistruenow.Thegovernmentsaysthatbecauseofwhatconstructionneeds,theuseofthisland,andtheresidents,whetherornottheyhavepropertyrights,mustbemade.Thatistosay,thegovernmenthastherighttorecovertheresidentsofstate-ownedlanduserights(propertyownershipanduserightsatthesametimeitcanignorethecitizen'
s),aslongasa"
givingpublicwelfare"
or"
citydevelopmentneeds"
reasonontheline.
Andourcountry'
slandiscollectivelyowned.ThisisnotthesameasinHongkong.ThevillagerswholivedinHongkongwereprivatelyowned.Thehousesofthesepeoplewereprotected,andthegovernmentcouldnotjustdismantlethemanddrivethemtootherplaces.Bycontrast,theimplementationofcollectiveownershipoflandhasbecomeaprobleminthemainland.Werarelyseeasuccessfulexampleofvillagecollectiveprotectionoffarmers'
landownership(thevillageintheSouth)partlyprotectstheinterestsofthevillagers'
landandproperty.Inthisregard,somescholarsstressedthattheprotectionoftheinterestsoffarmersshouldconsidertheprivatizationoflandorthefreedomoflandtransfertofarmers.However,thepresentpeasantsdonothaveanylegalrighttothelandandthehouses.Theyhavecollectiveownershipoflandandtherighttousetheirownhomestead.Thekeyisthattheylackthemeansandtheactualpossibilitytoprotecttheirlegalrights.Thesameistrueofthecity,thepublichastherighttotheuseoflandinthelaw,butalsopropertyrightsortheuseofhousing,butitisdifficulttoprotect.
Therealquestioniswhetherthelegalrightsofthepeasantsandcitizenscanreallybeimplemented,ratherthanwhatspecificauthoritytheyhave.
3,thegeneralizedrighttoliveandthesafetyofresidentiallife
Today,Iwanttotalkabouttheissueofhousingrightsinabroadsense.Thisrelatestothethemeoftoday'
smeeting,whichisthatitisasafetyissueinresidentiallife.Infact,itinvolvesthemaintenance,protection,development,therighttodevelopment,thefreedomofdevelopmentandthepossibilityofdevelopmentforeverycitizen,everycitizen,individualandfamily.Specificinstitutionalaspectsofhousingsecurity,housingbenefits,aswellasIsaidthecitylivable.
Inadditiontothecityofcity,therearecommunity,orneedtousetheconceptofneighborhood.Theestablishmentoflivablecities,communitiesandresidentialareasinvolvestheproblemsofurbanplanningandcommunityplanning.Includingpublicfacilitiesplanning,resourceallocation,trafficconstructionandsoon,isaseriesofproblems.Inaddition,italsoinvolvestheenvironment,theenvironmentshouldbeaveryimportanttopicofurbansocialresearch,speakingofbroadsenseofhousingrights,theseshouldbeincorporatedintotheurbansocialsystem.
AlargebackgroundofhousingsecurityissuesisaphenomenonChinesecitywithmanycountriesofthecityhasbeenveryalike,thecity'
seconomicdevelopmentandrealestatedevelopment,landdevelopmentandeconomicbenefitshangtogether,cityeconomicdevelopmentofrealestatehasbecomedependent.Landanditsrealestatebecomethemostimportantcommodityinthecity,themostimportantmanagementobjectofcapital,andalsobecomethemostimportantresourcesofthegove