英语专八考试人文知识背诵资料汇总Word格式文档下载.docx

英语专八考试人文知识背诵资料汇总Word格式文档下载.docx

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LakeVyrnwy（largestinWales）

Thegreatlakes

lakeMichigan:

entirelyinUS

others:

Superior,Huron,Erie,Ontario

Greatbearlake（largest）

Greatslavelake（deepest）

LakeEyre（largest）

TheCluthariver（largestinsouth

WaikatoriverandWanganuiriver（largestinnorth）

climate

Maritimetype

Reasons:

surroundingwaters

Theprevailingsoutheastwinds

TheNorthAtlanticDrift

Northeastern:

humidcontinentalclimate

Southeastern:

humidsubtropicalclimate

Thegreatplains:

continental

Steppeclimate

Intermountain:

Desertclimate

Pacificnorthwest:

maritime

Mainly:

temperatecontinentalclimate

Thenorth:

polarclimate

Thewest:

TemperateMaritimeClimate

Desertorsemiarid

Plants:

Eucalypts,wattles

Animals:

kangaroos,emus,

budgerigars

Fromcooltemperatetowarmtemperate（January—warmest,July

—coldest）

Christchurch—thedriestcity

Auckland—thewettestcity

itslatitudezone

Oceanicenvironment

MountainsespeciallythesouthernAlps

Ethnic

groups

Firstsettlers:

theIberians

TheEnglish（mainly）:

Anglo-Saxon

TheScottish,thewelsh,the

Irish,thenorthIrish:

Celts

Originalhabitants：

Indian

Immigrantsfromallovertheworld（mainlyfromEurope

Originalhabitants:

the

EskimosorInuitandIndians

Immigrations（mainlydescendantofBritainand

France）

Firstinhabitants:

indigenous

Australians

Immigration（mainlyfrom

Britain）

Maori（10%）

Immigration:

allaroundtheworld

cities

London（capital,largestcity,largestport）

Birmingham（secondlargest）

Edinburgh（capitalofScotland）

Cardiff（capitalofWales）

Belfast（capitalofnorthernIreland）

Glasgow（thirdlargest,largestcityandportinScotland）

Manchester（centeroftextile）

WashingtonD.C.（capital）

NewYork（biggestcityandport,’thebigapple’,’Gotham’,

Thecitythatneversleeps’,

‘thecapitaloftheworld’,’the

Empirecity’）

Boston（美国雅典）

LosAngeles（加州最大城市，secondlargest）

Chicago（thirdlargestcity，

Called’thesecondcity’,’thewindycity’）

SanFrancisco（西海岸门户）

Quebec（largestprovince,Frenchculture）

Toronto（largest）

Montreal（second）

Vancouver（third）

Ottawa（capital）

Canberra（capital）

Sydney（largest）

Melbourne（second,cultural

Andsportscenter）

States:

Newsouthwales（oldest,

Largestpopulation）

WesternAustralia（biggest

State）

Tasmania（smalleststate）

Wellington（capital）

Auckland（largest）

History

In700BC,TheCeltscameintoBritain

1600-1900

Pre-Columbianperiod

Thecontinentwasfounded

ByanItalianexplorerjohn

Cabot

WilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishmantoreach

AustraliaandJamescookfinallyputitonthemap

ThefirstEnglishmantothiscountrywascaptainJamesCook

（55BC-410AD）

In55BC,JuliusCaesarattacked

Butfailed

In43AD,ClaudiusconqueredthecountrywithoutScotland

1492,ChristopherColumbus

Foundthenewcontinent

1607,firstcolonywasfounded

AtJamestown,Virginia

In1608,SamueldeChamplain

EstablishedthehabitationinQuebeccity

OnJanuary1th,1901,thecommonwealthofAustraliacameintobeing

thefirstministerwasEdmundBarton

In1840,theTreatyofWaitangiwassignedbetweenWilliamHobsonandvariousMaorichiefs,whichbroughtthecountryintotheBritainEmpireandgaveMaorithesamerights

（446-871）

Theangles,SaxonsandjutescametoBritain

In1776,thecoloniesproclaim

Theindependenceandthe

Declarationofindependence

Wasdrafted

Afterthesevenyears’war,

TheFrenchwereforcedtogivetheCanadatoBritain

1916,AnzacDay（澳新军团节）wasAustralia’smostimportantholiday

In1865,thecapitalWallingtonwassettled

In1066，TheNormanconquestbuilttheFeudalsysteminEnglandIntroducedChristianity

In1783,thetreatyofParies

RecognizedtheUSA

1789,thegovernmentwasset

TheQuebecactof1774grantedthepeopleofQuebec

RightsasFrenchCanadians

1950-1966，therewasaboomineconomicgrowthundermenzies’srule

In1893,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytogivewomanthe

Righttovote

In1215,Thegreatcharter—alimitationOfthepoweroftheking

1861-1865,thecivilwarandLincolndeclaredEmancipation

Proclamation,in1865,theThirteenthAmendmentbannedslavery

In1867,threecolonies-Quebec

NewBrunswickandnovascotiajoinedinaconfederationbythe

BritishNorthAmericaAct

In1972,goughWhitlamestablishedrelationship

WithChina

In1216,ThesummonofthegreatCouncillaterdevelopedintoThehouseoflordsandthe

Houseofcommons

USjointtheworldwarinApril

1917

In1931,Canadabecameamemberofthecommonwealth

Ofnations

（1337-1453）

Thehundredyearswarwith

France（reducedlaborlargely）

In1920s,Americaenjoyedaperiodofunbalancedprosperity-materialsuccessbutspiritualfrustrationorconfusion

In1949,newfoundlandbecame

Canada’stenthprovince

（1455-1485）

Thewarofroses

Lancaster-redrose

York-whiterose

HenryTudorwonthebattle

In1920s,Americaexperienced

ThegreatdepressionandfranklinRoosevelt’sNewDeal

（1642-1651）

Thecivilwars

Charles（supportfromnorth

Andwest）

Theparliament（southeast）

Charleswasexecutedin1649

In1660,Therestoration

KingCharles2ndreturnfromFrance）

In1941,japanattackthepearl

HarborandthenextdayUSAjointthesecondworldwar

‘adatewhichwillliveininfamy’

In1688,Thegloriousrevolution

WilliamoforangeandMarypassedBillofRights

1707TheActofUnionunitedEnglandandScotland

In1949,thenorthAtlantictreatywassigned-militaryalliance

（1780-1830）

Theindustrialrevolution

1950-1975,theVietnamwar,

Thepolicyofcontainmentbadlyinfluencethecountry

（1830-1848）

Thechartistmovement

TheparliamentpassedThePeople’sCharter

1945-1989,thecoldwarbetweenAmericaandthesovietunion-theKoreanwarandtheCubanmissilecrisis

Politics

Tthestatesystem

Constitutionalmonarchy

Establishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples:

Federalism,theseparationof

Powers（checksandbalance）andrespectfortheconstitution（oldestintheworld）andtheruleoflaw

名义上是constitutional

Monarchy实际上是

Parliamentarydemocracy

Theheadofstate:

Elizabeth2th

Theviceroy（总督）

Primeminister

Federation

Thehead:

thequeenofUK

Itconsistsofthefederalparliament,sixstate

Parliamentsandgovernments,about900localgovernmentsandsixstategovernors

Asovereignindependent

State,withaparliamentary

Governmentanda

Head:

queenElizabeth2th

Eexecutivepower

UKgovernment,primeministeristheheadofgovernmentand20ministersmakeupthecabinet

Presidentiselectedtoa4year

Termwithonlytwoterms

Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yearterm

Thecabinet

Thegovernmentisformedby

Thepartythatholdsamajorityofseats

Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yeartermThecabinet

Llegislativepower

Thegovernmentandthetwochambersofparliament

Thehouseofrepresentatives（2-yeartermwith435members）

Andthesenate（6-yeartermwith100members）

Jjudiciary

Independentoftheabovetwo,Britainhadnowrittenconstitutionsandtheconstitutionconsistsofstatelaw,thecommonlawsandconventions

Thesupremecourt（createdbytheconstitution,1chiefjustice

And8associatejustices）

Federalcourtsofappeal（11）

Federaldistrict（91）

Supremecourt（1chiefjusticeand8puisnejusticeuntiltheageof75）

Provincecourt

Nativecourt

Itisindependentofthe

government

pparliament

Thesupremelegislativebody,itconsistsofthesovereign,thehouseoflords（temporalandspiritual）andthehouseofcommons（651membersandelectionheldevery5years）

Themonarch,thesenate（105membersuntiltheageof75）andThehouseofcommons（308members,lessthan5years）

Thehouseofrepresentatives（150membersfor3-yearterm）andthesenate（76membersfor6-yearterm）

Electiontakeplaceevery3years

Hasonlyonechamber-

Thehouseofrepresentatives（120membersandelectedfor3

years

pparties

Mainparties

Conservativeparty

Laborparty

Theliberaldemocrats（

Thirdlargestparty）

Thedemocraticparty

Therepublicanparty

Theliberalparty

Theprogressiveconservative

party

Australianlaborparty

LiberalpartyofAustralia

NationalpartyofAustralia

Thenationalparty（center-

Rightconservative）

Thelaborparty（center-left

Progressive）

Economy

Primaryindustries

Agriculture:

2%population

Manage70%land

Thebestlandisinthe

Southeast

Maincrops:

wheat,barley

Fishing

Mining:

coal

Produce1/4ofworldgrainandsell1/2ofthegrain

Produce50%ofthecornintheworld（Midwest,Iowa）

Biggestproduceranduserof

Tobaccointheworld

Oneoftheworld’slargest

Supplierofagriculturalproducts

MainlyproduceWheat