大学计算机基础复习资料双语教学英文版Word格式.docx

大学计算机基础复习资料双语教学英文版Word格式.docx

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Minicomputers（小型机）

Microcomputers（微机）即personalcomputerorPCleastpowerful,butthemostwidelyused.

7.Informationcanberepresentedinoneoftwoways

Analogdata（模拟）Acontinuousrepresentation，analogous（相似）totheactualinformation

DigitaldataAdiscreterepresentation

8.1Byte=8bits，B,KB,MB,GB,TB）:

9.Binary（Base2）Octal（8）Decimal（Base10）

Hexadecimal（16）0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

10.distinguishnumbersystem

（1）Subscript（下标）（101）2（101）8

（2）Postfix（后缀）101B101O101D101H

11.Convertingnumber

Non-DecimaltoDecimal

DecimaltoNon-Decimal

v10—2integer整数

（1）短除法

（2）从高位到低位逆用2—10思想

vFraction小数

Non-DecimaltoNon-Decimal

2—8（10111011.1101）2=（273.64）8

8—2（6754.32）8=（110111101100.011）2

16—2（A7B8.C9）16=（1010011110111000.11001001）

？

12.BinaryArithmetic

12．originalcode–（2n–1–1）~（2n–1–1）Totalnumberis2n–1n=8-127～+127

Pro：

Simple&

DirectCons：

Subtractionoperationmayfail（overflow）

13．OriginalcodeandComplementcode,todosubtraction减法inaddition（补码的意义正在于把减法做成加法）

▪Forpositivenumber：

complement=original

▪Fornegativenumber:

•Original:

signbitis1,therestisitsabsolutevalue

•Complement:

reversealldigitsexceptthesign,theplus1

▪Complementofcomplement=original

14．complementcode–2n–1~（2n–1–1）Totalnumberis2nn=8,therangeis:

-128～+127

15．Floatingpointnotationtorepresentverylargerealnumbersandverysmallrealnumbers

（1）-1.6875=（-1.1011）2=（-0.11011×

21）2

（2）

指数尾数

上数=00000001111011000000000000000000（用八位表示指数位，24位表示尾数位）

16．Ina32bitscomputer,if8bitsforexponentpartand24bitsformantissapart,therangeofnumberis1038~2-1500-1038~-2-150

16．Codeofcharacters

ASCII美国信息交换标准码characterset

Standard7-bits,with128characters

Extended8-bits,with256characters

Unicode16-bits,asuperset超集ofASCI

17.vonNeumannthreemainideasaboutcomputer

*Fivebasiccomponents*Usebinaryinformation*Storedprogram

18．Theprincipleofstoredprogram

Acoupleofabilities:

storeprogramandthenautomaticexecuteprogram.（存储程序、自动执行程序）

Computersuse“memory”（primarymemory主存）tostoreprogramwhichwillbeprocessed

v19．Fivebasiccomponents

▪ControlUnit

▪Arithmetic/logicUnit（ALU）运算器

▪Inputdevices

▪Outputdevices

▪Storage–primaryandsecondarystorage

19．CPUcanfetcheachinstructioninthatprogramfrommemoryonebyonedecodetheinformationGetdataifneededandthenexecutetheinformationuntilallinstructionsarefinished.

巧记有一个全控制，有两个互相传数据和信息，有一个只入，有一个只出

20．ALU（运算器）（arithmeticoperationlogicaloperations）---（register）

CPU

ControlUnit（directsandcoordinates使协调operationsincomputer.）--register

Randomaccessmemory（RAM）temporaryorvolatilestorage

MainmemoryRead-onlymemory（ROM）---BIOSBasicInputOutputSystem

MemoryCMOSrequiredeverytimethecomputersystemisturnedon

SecondaryStorage外存CPU不能直接访问

注释1CPU定义Interprets（翻译）andcarriesoutbasicinstructionsthatoperateacomputer

注释2ROMcannotbechanged而CMOScanbechangedtoreflectchangesinthecomputersystem

注释3MemoryusedtostorethemostfrequentlyaccessedinformationstoredinRAM–cache,

21．tworegistersinthecontrolunit:

Theinstructionregister（IR）containstheinstructionthatisbeingexecuted.

Theprogramcounter（PC）containstheaddressofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted

18．#Twostepsofamachinecycle:

Instructioncycleandexecutioncycle

22.CPUspeedClockrateWordsizeCacheInstructionsetsize（指令集大小）

23.Computersareelectronicdevicesthatacceptinstructions,processinput,andproduce

information

24.术语：

Floppydisk软盘Opticaldisk/compactdisk光盘Flashdisk闪存盘

23．SystemUnit（主机）

vMotherboard

vProcessor–CPU

▪ALU

vMemory

▪RAM,ROM,CMOS,Cache

▪AlldataandinstructionsmustbeloadedintoRAMbeforetheycanbeexecuted

vBus–datahighwaybetweendevices

vExpansionslots/cards（扩展槽/卡）toaddextradevices

▪videocard,soundcard,networkcard

vPort（端口）–aplugforacablethatleadstoadevice

▪usbports,RJ-45,VGAportformonitor

《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《OS》

24.

系统软件

操作系统

实用软件

外壳，命令解释程序内核

注释1Utilitysoftwarefundamentaltocomputerinstallations,butnotpartoftheOS.

注释2shellprovidesaninterfacethroughwhichahumancaninteractwiththecomputer

kernelmanagescomputerresources,suchasmemoryandinput/outputdevice

强调：

Systemsoftware定义manageacomputersystematafundamentallevel

25.Everyoperatingsystemperformsthreebasicfunctions：

（differentosalsohaveotherspecificfunctions）

managescomputerresources,suchas1.memory,2.CPU,and3.processes

providesaninterfacethroughwhichahumancaninteractwiththecomputer

allowsanapplicationprogramtointeractwithothersystemresources

26.ManagingResourcesconsistsof:

Memorymanagement

Processmanagement

CPUscheduling

26.1.Memorymanagementoptimizes（优化）theuseofRAM

26.2-1Aprocesscanbedefinedasaprograminexecution.

26.2-2Asingleuseroperatingsystemallowsonlyoneusertorunoneprogramatatime.

Amultiuseroperatingsystemenablestwoormoreuserstorunaprogramsimultaneously.

Amultitaskingoperatingsystemallowsasingleusertoworkontwoormoreapplicationsthatresideinmemoryatthesametime.

Amultiprocessingoperatingsystemcansupporttwoormoreprocessorsrunningprogramsatthesametime.

26.3CPUScheduling

TheoperatingsystemdetermineswhichprocessinmemoryisexecutedbyCPU

Nonpreemptivescheduling无优先调度

Preemptivescheduling

27.OTHERFUNCTIONS

27.1SystemBootingColdboot&

Warmboot

Theprocessofstartingorrestartingacomputeriscalledbooting

27.2SystemShuttingDown

Sleepmode（睡眠）savesanyopendocumentsandprogramstoRAM,turnsoffallunneededfunctions,andthenplacesthecomputerinalow-powerstate

Hibernate（休眠）savesanyopendocumentsandprogramstoaharddiskbeforeremovingpowerfromthecomputer

UserInterfaceDeviceDriverNetworkSupportPerformanceMonitorSystemUpdate

28.TypesofOperatingSystems

28.1Astand-aloneoperatingsystem（独立操作系统）isacompleteoperatingsystemthatworksonadesktopcomputer,notebookcomputer,ormobilecomputingdevice

28.2Anembedded（嵌入式）operatingsystemresidesonaROMchiponamobiledeviceorconsumerelectronicdevice

29．FileAnamedcollectionofrelateddata

FileisstoredinsecondarystorageAfileisasetofdatathathasbeengivenaname

FilesystemTheoperatingsystem'

slogicalviewofthefilesitmanages

DirectoryAnamedgroupoffiles.Alsocalledafolder

30．Filetype

Programfiles（程序文件）-containsinstructionstotellthecomputerwhattodo.

MicrosoftWord,Photoshop,AutoCAD

DataFiles-notexecutableandonlyusedwithaprogram.

Worddocument,textfile,Excelfile,PowerPointfile

TextfileAfileinwhichthebytesofdataareorganizedascharactersfromtheASCIIorUnicodecharactersets

BinaryfileAfilethatcontainsdatainaspecificformat,requiringinterpretation（翻译）

31．Therootdirectoryistypicallyidentifiedbythedeviceletterfollowedbyabackslash（反斜线）

32．Filemanagement

WindowsExplorer（资源管理器）Clipboard（剪贴板）RecycleBin（回收站）

33．FileProperties（属性）

34．PathNames

AbsolutepathD:

\Courses\Computer\2011\OS.ppt

Relativepath2011\OS.ppt

〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉Multimedia

35．RepresentingCharacter

ASCII（AmericaStandardCodeforInformationInterchange）

vOriginalASCIIuses7bitstocode128characters

vExtendedto8bitsfor128extracharacters

2.Unicode

uses16bits,canrepresent216=65534

36．RepresentingAudio

vSoundisgeneratedbythevibrationofair

vSoundwaveisanalog

vComputersconvertsoundtodigitsbysampling

vAstereosendsanelectricalsignaltoaspeakertoreproducesound

Asamplingrateofabout40,000timespersecondisenoughtocreateareasonablesoundreproduction

AudioFormats

▪WAV,AU,AIFF,VQF,andMP3

vMP3isdominant

▪MPEG-2,audiolayer3file

>

Graphics

37．RepresentingImagesandGraphics

vRaster（光栅）-graphics

▪Thestorageofimageinformationisonapixel-by-pixel（像素）basis

▪Popularformats

•BMP（bitmap）,GIF（GraphicsInterchangeFormat）,JPEG（JointPhotographicExpertsGroup）

vVector-graphics（矢量图）

▪Describesanimageintermsoflinesandgeometricshapes

▪Includeaseriesofcommandsthatdescribealine’sdirection,thickness,andcolour.

▪Thefilesizestendtobesmallerbecausenoteverypixelisdescribed

▪

38．Agraphistreatedasamatrixofdots,whichiscalledpixels

vThenumberofpixelsiscalledresolution（分辨率）

39．ColorisexpressedasanRGB（Red,Green,Blue）v