川农考博英语1080英语Word文档下载推荐.docx

川农考博英语1080英语Word文档下载推荐.docx

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PassageOne

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody'

ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse."

Ananimalthatcan'

tdetectdangercan'

tstayalive,"

saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons（神经元）deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale（扁桃体）.

LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalareceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdalaappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:

trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.

Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey'

reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,"

Ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear."

Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:

worry

That'

snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell."

Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,"

hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.

Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere'

sarightwaytoworry."

Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,"

hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe'

refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.

Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit'

sbeendifficulttogetfactsabouthowweshouldrespond.That'

swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro（抗炭疽菌的药物）andbuyinggasmasks.

1.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”（Sent.1,Para.1）refersto“”.

A）thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolves

B）theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdanger

C）theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecision

D）theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation

2.FormthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat.

A）reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictable

B）memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistress

C）people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingsoffear

D）theamygdalaplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger

3.Fromthepassageweknowthat.

A）alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperly

B）alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecession

C）fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedanger

D）fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents

4.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?

A）Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.

B）Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.

C）Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.

D）Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.

5.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas.

A）ridiculousB）understandableC）over-cautiousD）sensible

PassageTwo

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Youheartherefrainallthetime:

theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'

tfeelgood.Whydoesn'

tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?

Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent（富裕的）SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,"

hunger,sickness,andcold"

threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote."

Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours."

AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;

inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'

treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas"

anecessaryevil"

.

It'

softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;

everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'

sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel"

squeezed"

becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'

tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkerstearthey’vebecomethedisposableAmericanasLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedUtopian（乌托邦式的）possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlessphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity（肥胖症）.Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shouldwebesurprised?

Notreally.We'

vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:

thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.

6.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?

A）Whystatisticsdon'

ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.

B）Whyaffluencedoesn'

tguaranteehappiness.

C）Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.

D）Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.

7.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause.

A）publicspendinghasn'

tbeencutdownasexpected

B）thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

C）theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression

D）materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety

8.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

A）Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B）Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C）Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweentherichandthepoor.

D）Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.

9.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby"

thedisposableAmerican"

（Sent.3,Para.5）?

A）Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.

B）Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C）PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D）Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.

10.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A）Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B）Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C）Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D）Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.

PassageThree

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold（霉）onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;

eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.

Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.

"

Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'

snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"

wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:

"

Howcomenobod