商务英语论文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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姓名:
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院系:
行政学院
专业:
国际政治
年级:
2006级
联系电话:
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Content:
1.BodyLanguage……………………………………………………5
1.1Smile……………………………………………………………5
1.2EyeContact…………………………………………………….6
1.3Gestures…………………………………………………………82.Orientation………………………………………………………….9
2.1Time……………………………………………………………10
2.2Distance………………………………………………………...13
2.3GiftGiving……………………………………………………..15
2.4ExchangingBusinessCards………………………………….153.Overcomecultureshocks…………………………………………164.Individualismvs.collectivism……………………………………..195.Conclusion…………………………………………………………20
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中文摘要
随着全球化的发展,国际商务活动的数量正以前所未有的速度在增加。
有效的跨文化交际已成为保证成功的商业舞台的关键因素之一。
全球化赋予了跨文化交际极端的重要性。
有效的跨文化交际已成为成功的国际商业活动不可或缺的一部分。
本文的目的是探讨不同的文化下的一些重要的非语言因素在国际商务活动中的意义.
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Abstract:
Withthedevelopmentofglobalization,theamountofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisincreasingatanunprecedentedspeed.Effectiveinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomeoneofthekeyfactorstoguaranteesuccessinbusinessarena.Theglobalizationendowstheinterculturalcommunicationwithextremeimportance.Effectiveinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomeanindispensablepartofsuccessininternationalbusinessactivities.Thisarticleisintendedtogointothemeaningofsomeessentialnonverbalfactorsofdifferentculturesininternationalbusiness.
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Cultureisacomplexmatter,includingknowledge,belief,art,morals,custom,and,othercapabilitiesacquiredbypeopleasamemberofsociety.Peoplelearncultureinthecourseofeverydaylivingbycommunicationwiththosearoundthem.Culturelearningstartsatanearlyageandgenerallystayswithpeopleforthewholeoftheirlives.
Asbusinessbecomesincreasinglyglobal,cultureunderstandingbecomesthebasisofsuccessorfailureinanybusiness.Theamountofinternationalbusinessactivitiesareincreasingatanunprecedentedspeed.Effectiveinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomeoneofthekeyfactorstoguaranteesuccessinbusinessarena.Therefore,itisessentialtohaveagoodcommandofinterculturalcommunicationskills,amongwhichnonverbalfactorstakepriorityoververbalones.Researchesshowthatthemajorityofthemeaningorimpactofamessagecomesthroughnonverbalmeans,withonlyabout40percentorlessconveyedbywordsorsounds.Mostofthetime,wearenomoreconsciousofinterpretingnonverbalsignalsthanweareconsciousofbreathing.Whenpresentedwithbothverbalandnonverbalmessages,weconsistentlyfindthenonverbalmessagesmorepowerful;
whenconflictsappearbetweenverbalandnonverbalmessages,weusuallybelievenonverbalmessagesbecausemostofournonverbalactionsarenoteasilycontrolledconsciously.Thismeansthattheyreflectaperson’srealinternalstates.
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Verbalcommunicationisverymuchculture-bound,asweknow,andthesameistrueofnonverbalcommunication.Differentculturespresentdifferentsystemsofnonverbalsigns,andoftenendowthesamesignwithdifferentmeanings.Accordinglynonverbalcommunicationcanbeeasilymisinterpreted.Andthemisunderstandingscanleadtocommunicationbreakdownsandbecomeobstaclestosuccessininternationalbusinessactivities.Thusparticularattentionshouldbepaidtononverbalbehaviors(hereinafterreferredtoasNVBs)indifferentcultures.InthefollowingparagraphswillbediscussedthemostapplicabletypesofNVBs.
1.BodyLanguage
1.1Smile
Physiologically,theactionofsmilingmakesoneselfhappy;
psychologically,smilingpleasesothersbesidesoneself.Theseexplainwhythewholeworldsmiles.However,thestimulus,theamount,theoccasionandeventheimplicationofsmilingareculturallybound.Withoutrelevantculturalknowledge,onsomeoccasions,oneislikelynottopleasebuttoirritateothersbysmiling.IntheU.S.A.,smilingrepresentshappinessorfriendliness,whichtheAmericansreadilyshow.Greetingotherswithoutsmilingisunreasonableandunacceptable;
smilingatstrangersisnotunusual,whichoftendisconcertpeoplefromothercountries.S.Koreansregardtoomuchsmilingasasignof
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shallowness.Hence,theyusuallylookseriousanddon’treadilysmile.
It’sjusttheoppositeinThailand--“LandofSmiles”.Thenicknameisa
clearindicationthattheThaissmilealot.InGermany,smilesarereservedforfriends.TheJapanese,accordingtotheanthropologistEdwardT.Hall,aretaughttocontroltheiremotions.Insituationsofstrongemotion,itisconsideredacceptabletosmileorlaugh,butnottofrownorcry.Accordingly,theysmilenotonlywhentheyarepleasedoramused,butalsotosay“that’snoneofyourbusiness”tohideexpressionofembarrassment,sadnessandevenanger.Forthem,smilinghelpsmaintainharmony,whichisofparamountvalueinJapaneseculture.SmilingtoalleviatetensioninnegotiationisadvocatedinJapanaswellasinChina,butitisnotthecaseinAmerica.SuchbehaviorwillbetternothingbuttoirritateAmericansmoreandevenconveytothemthatyouadmitdefeat,becausetheAmericansbelievethatnoonecanmaintainamellowmoodinargumentorconflictsothesmileispretendedandtheyhatepretence.
1.2EyeContact
Incommunication,eyestalkasmuchasdolips.Eyecontactisuniversal,however,thewaysofcommunicatingwitheyesshiftfromculturetoculture.
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TheArabsstareateachotherforlongperiodswhencommunicating.Prolongedstareisasignofinterestandtruthfulness.It’simpolitenottofacethecommunicationpartnerdirectly.Theyhatetalkingtosomeonewearingdarkglassesorwhilewalkingsidebyside.NorthAmericanwhites,theEnglishpeopleandtheSwedishpeopleexpectthepersonwithwhomthey’reinteractingtolookthemintheeye.Sucheyecontact,theybelieve,showshonestyandconfidence.InAmerica,onewhoisreluctanttomaintaineyecontactiscalledshifty-eyedandcanarousesuspicion.Hence,whiteAmericansarepronetodistrustLatinAmericans,whousuallyavoideyecontactincommunicationasasignofrespect.However,intheU.S.A.,somedifferencesshouldbenoted.Forinstance,twomaleswhostareateachotherlikeArabs,inmostcases,arehomosexuals.TheNavajosandtheHopistronglydislikeeyecontact.Theformerconsideritevil,sexualandaggressive;
thelatter,offensive.Similarly,inMediterraneancountries,peopleareaccustomedtoglancingatcommunicationpartners,insteadofstaring,whichisperceivedasabadomen.TheJapanesearetaughttolookattheneckbecauseitisrudetostareatothers’faces.Theyconsiderprolongedeyecontactextremelyimpolite,threateninganddisrespectful.InIndonesiaandCaribbeancultures,peopleavoideyecontacttoshowrespect.InKorea,extendedstareisrude,thelower-rankingpersonissupposedtolookdownfirst.In
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Muslimcountries,eyecontactbetweenwomenandmenisagainstconventions.
1.3Gestures
Gesturesarequitepowerfulcommunicating“tools”.Manypeople
takeitforgrantedthattheycandependongesturestocommunicateiflanguagefails.Butafterdecadesofresearchinvolvingeightydifferentcultures,expertsconcludethat“nogesturehasthesamemeaninginallsocieties.Themeaningevenshiftsfromregiontoregionwithinoneculture”.
Forinstance,thesign,acircleformedwiththethumbandindex
fingerwhiletheothersextending,represents“OK”intheU.S.A,
“money”inJapanandS.Korea,“Iwillkillyou”inTunisia,and“youare
worthnothing”inFranceandBelgium.InMexico,Germanyand
SouthernItaly,itisobscene.Thesignof“thumbup”isequallypopularandculture–based.IfyouthumbuptoaGreek,hewillflyintoafurybecauseGreeksregard“thumpup”asavulgarinsult;
toanAmericanoraWesternEuropean,he/shewillfeelencouragedbecauseintheU.S.AandWesternEuropeanitmeans“goodwork”or“goahead”.Anothercommongestureisthatforbeckoning.Tofindoutthedifferencesinsomecountries,theremadequestionnaireamongoverseasstudents.Allthestudentsarewelleducatedandhavefullknowledgeoftheirculture.
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Hence,theresultsfromthequestionnaireareconvincing.Theiranswersareasfollows:
TheS.Koreanstudents:
Whenwesummonsomeonetocome,ourhandiscupped,palmingdownandthefingersmovingtowardthepalm.
TheAmericanstudents:
Whenonebeckonsafriendorapeertocome,his/herhandwillpalmupandfingersmovetowardhis/herbody.
ThePhilippinestudents:
Wequicklynodourheaddownwardstosignalsomeonetocome.
TheJapanesestudents:
Itisimpolitetousegestures.Wejustcallsomeonetocome.
TheAmericanstudentsalsosaidthattheS.Koreangesturemeans“good-bye”intheU.S.A.InChina,toapeerorafriend,oneusuallybeckonsliketheAmericans;
toajunior,onedoesliketheS.Koreans.
2.Orientation
Culturealsodifferintimeorientation;
thatis,whethertheculture’svaluesareorientedtowardthefuture(long-timeorientation)ortowardthepastandpresent(short-termorientation).Inchina,aculturewithalongorientation,valuessuchasthriftandpersistence,whichfocusonthefuture,areemphasized.InRussia,theorientationisshort-term.Values
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suchasrespectfortradition(past)andmeetingsocialobligations(present)areemphasized.
2.1Time
Differencesintimezonescomplicateinternationalphonecalls.Butevenmoreimportantaredifferentconceptsoftimeandapproachestotimeindifferentcultures.
Normregardingpunctualitydiffersignificantlyfromcountrytocountry.IntheUnitedStatespeopletendtobeverytime-conscious.ConscientiousAmericansarriveafewminutesearlyforbusinessappointments,becausebeinglat