词汇学.docx
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词汇学
1.Word(词):
awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.
Wordsobviouscharacteristics(词汇明显的特点):
allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polysemy,collocability.
2.Terminology(术语):
terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.例如,sonata(奏鸣曲),calculus(微积分),concerto(大提琴)。
3.Jargon(行话):
referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciencetradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.例如,bottomline(不可避免的结果),paranoid(多疑的),buster(轰炸)。
4.Slang(俚语):
slangsbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwords.例如,cant(套语),jargon(行话),argot(黑语)。
5.Argot(黑话):
generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.例如,can-opener(万能钥匙),dip(扒手),persuader(匕首)。
6.Dialectalwords(方言词):
dialectalwordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.例如,beauty(澳大利亚语,优秀),auld(苏格兰语,老),lough(爱尔兰语,湖)。
7.Archaisms(古语词):
archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.
8.Neologisms(新词):
neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.例如,futurology(未来学),AIDS(艾滋病),Internet(因特网)。
9.ContentWords(实义词):
contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnationalwords.例如,earth(地球),dark(黑暗),cloud(云)。
10.Functionalwords(功能词):
calledemptywords,expresstherelationshipbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences.例如,on,of,and.
11.Nativewordsfeatures(本族语词特点):
neutralinstyle,frequentinuse.
12.Borrowedwords(外来语词):
4类
1,Denizens(同化词):
denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.例如,Port(港口)来源于portus(拉丁语),cup(杯子)来源于cuppa(拉丁语),pork(猪肉)来源于porc(法语)。
2,Aliens(非同化词):
aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.例如,decor(舞台装置,法语),kowtow(叩头,汉语),emir(酋长,阿拉伯语)。
3,Translation-loans(译借词):
translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.例如,surplusvalue(剩余价值)译自Mehrwert(德语),kulak(富农)译自kyrak(俄语),tea(茶)译自汉语方言的“茶”。
4,Semantic-loans(借义词):
wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.例如,dream原意是“高兴”现义是“梦”(借自古挪威语),pioneer原意是“探索者”现义是“少先队员”(借自俄语),dumb愚蠢(借自德语)。
13.Morphemes(词素):
morphemesisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.
14.Monomorphemic(单语素词):
monomorphemicarewordswhichcanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.
15.Allomorphs(词素变体):
somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.
16.Freemorphemes(自由词素):
morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.
17.Boundmorphemes(粘附词素):
morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.
1.Boundroot(粘附词根):
aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.
2.Affixes(词缀):
affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.
(1).Inflectionalaffixes(内部屈折词缀):
affixesareattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalaffixes.例如,单数名词变复数,动词过去式,动词ing.
(2).Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀):
derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.例如,pre+war,sub+sea,north+ward.
18.Root(词根):
arootisthatpartofthewordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
19.Stem(词干):
astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.
20.Affixation(词缀法):
affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.
21.Prefixation(前缀法):
prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.
1.表示否定意义的前缀:
a-dis-in(il-ir-im-)non-un-。
例如,amoral,disobey,unfair。
2.表示逆向意义的前缀:
de-dis-un-.例如,decompose,disallow,unwrap。
3.表示贬义的前缀:
mal-mis-pseudo-.例如,maltreat,mistrust,pseudofriend.
4.表示程度、大小意义的前缀:
arch-extra-hyper-macro-mini-out-over-sub-super-sur-ultra-under-例如,archbishop,extraStrong,hyperactive,macrocosm,microcomputer,minielection,outlive,subheading,superfreeze,surtax,ultraconservative,underdeveloped.
5.表示倾向和态度意义的前缀:
anti-contra-counter-pro-.例如,antinuclear,contraflow,prostudent,
6.表示方位意义的前缀:
extra-fore-inter-intra-tele-trans-.例如,extraordinary,forehead,intercity,intraparty,telecommunication,transworld.
7.表示时间和顺序意义的前缀:
ex-fore-post-pre-re-.例如,exstudent,foretell,postelection,preprepared,reconsider.
8.表示数字的前缀:
bi-multi-semi-tri-uni-例如,bicycle,multipurpose,seminaked,tricycle,uniform,monorail.
9.其他总类意义的前缀:
auto-Neo-pan-vice-例如,autobiography,neoNazi,panEuropean,vicechairman.
22.Suffix