词汇学.docx

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词汇学

1.Word(词):

awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

Wordsobviouscharacteristics(词汇明显的特点):

allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polysemy,collocability.

2.Terminology(术语):

terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.例如,sonata(奏鸣曲),calculus(微积分),concerto(大提琴)。

3.Jargon(行话):

referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciencetradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.例如,bottomline(不可避免的结果),paranoid(多疑的),buster(轰炸)。

4.Slang(俚语):

slangsbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwords.例如,cant(套语),jargon(行话),argot(黑语)。

5.Argot(黑话):

generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.例如,can-opener(万能钥匙),dip(扒手),persuader(匕首)。

6.Dialectalwords(方言词):

dialectalwordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.例如,beauty(澳大利亚语,优秀),auld(苏格兰语,老),lough(爱尔兰语,湖)。

7.Archaisms(古语词):

archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.

8.Neologisms(新词):

neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.例如,futurology(未来学),AIDS(艾滋病),Internet(因特网)。

9.ContentWords(实义词):

contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnationalwords.例如,earth(地球),dark(黑暗),cloud(云)。

10.Functionalwords(功能词):

calledemptywords,expresstherelationshipbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences.例如,on,of,and.

11.Nativewordsfeatures(本族语词特点):

neutralinstyle,frequentinuse.

12.Borrowedwords(外来语词):

4类

1,Denizens(同化词):

denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.例如,Port(港口)来源于portus(拉丁语),cup(杯子)来源于cuppa(拉丁语),pork(猪肉)来源于porc(法语)。

2,Aliens(非同化词):

aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.例如,decor(舞台装置,法语),kowtow(叩头,汉语),emir(酋长,阿拉伯语)。

3,Translation-loans(译借词):

translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.例如,surplusvalue(剩余价值)译自Mehrwert(德语),kulak(富农)译自kyrak(俄语),tea(茶)译自汉语方言的“茶”。

4,Semantic-loans(借义词):

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.例如,dream原意是“高兴”现义是“梦”(借自古挪威语),pioneer原意是“探索者”现义是“少先队员”(借自俄语),dumb愚蠢(借自德语)。

13.Morphemes(词素):

morphemesisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

14.Monomorphemic(单语素词):

monomorphemicarewordswhichcanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.

15.Allomorphs(词素变体):

somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.

16.Freemorphemes(自由词素):

morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.

17.Boundmorphemes(粘附词素):

morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.

1.Boundroot(粘附词根):

aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.

2.Affixes(词缀):

affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.

(1).Inflectionalaffixes(内部屈折词缀):

affixesareattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalaffixes.例如,单数名词变复数,动词过去式,动词ing.

(2).Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀):

derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.例如,pre+war,sub+sea,north+ward.

18.Root(词根):

arootisthatpartofthewordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

19.Stem(词干):

astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

20.Affixation(词缀法):

affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.

21.Prefixation(前缀法):

prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

1.表示否定意义的前缀:

a-dis-in(il-ir-im-)non-un-。

例如,amoral,disobey,unfair。

2.表示逆向意义的前缀:

de-dis-un-.例如,decompose,disallow,unwrap。

3.表示贬义的前缀:

mal-mis-pseudo-.例如,maltreat,mistrust,pseudofriend.

4.表示程度、大小意义的前缀:

arch-extra-hyper-macro-mini-out-over-sub-super-sur-ultra-under-例如,archbishop,extraStrong,hyperactive,macrocosm,microcomputer,minielection,outlive,subheading,superfreeze,surtax,ultraconservative,underdeveloped.

5.表示倾向和态度意义的前缀:

anti-contra-counter-pro-.例如,antinuclear,contraflow,prostudent,

6.表示方位意义的前缀:

extra-fore-inter-intra-tele-trans-.例如,extraordinary,forehead,intercity,intraparty,telecommunication,transworld.

7.表示时间和顺序意义的前缀:

ex-fore-post-pre-re-.例如,exstudent,foretell,postelection,preprepared,reconsider.

8.表示数字的前缀:

bi-multi-semi-tri-uni-例如,bicycle,multipurpose,seminaked,tricycle,uniform,monorail.

9.其他总类意义的前缀:

auto-Neo-pan-vice-例如,autobiography,neoNazi,panEuropean,vicechairman.

22.Suffix

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