Java外文翻译programming language.docx
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Java外文翻译programminglanguage
Java(programminglanguage)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
JavaisaprogramminglanguageoriginallydevelopedbyJamesGoslingatSunMicrosystems(whichhassincemergedintoOracleCorporation)andreleasedin1995asacorecomponentofSunMicrosystems'Javaplatform.ThelanguagederivesmuchofitssyntaxfromCandC++buthasasimplerobjectmodelandfewerlow-levelfacilities.Javaapplicationsaretypicallycompiledtobytecode(classfile)thatcanrunonanyJavaVirtualMachine(JVM)regardlessofcomputerarchitecture.Javaisageneral-purpose,concurrent,class-based,object-orientedlanguagethatisspecificallydesignedtohaveasfewimplementationdependenciesaspossible.Itisintendedtoletapplicationdevelopers"writeonce,runanywhere,"meaningthatcodethatrunsononeplatformdoesnotneedtobeeditedtorunonanother.Javaiscurrentlyoneofthemostpopularprogramminglanguagesinuse,particularlyforclient-serverwebapplications,withareported10millionusers.[10][11]TheoriginalandreferenceimplementationJavacompilers,virtualmachines,andclasslibrariesweredevelopedbySunfrom1995.AsofMay2007,incompliancewiththespecificationsoftheJavaCommunityProcess,SunrelicensedmostofitsJavatechnologiesundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.OthershavealsodevelopedalternativeimplementationsoftheseSuntechnologies,suchastheGNUCompilerforJavaandGNUClasspath.
Contents
1History
1.1Principles
1.2Versions
2Practices
2.1Javaplatform
2.1.1Implementations
2.1.2Performance
2.2Automaticmemorymanagement
History
Seealso:
Java(softwareplatform)#History
JamesGosling,MikeSheridan,andPatrickNaughtoninitiatedtheJavalanguageprojectinJune1991.[12]Javawasoriginallydesignedforinteractivetelevision,butitwastooadvancedforthedigitalcabletelevisionindustryatthetime.[13]ThelanguagewasinitiallycalledOakafteranoaktreethatstoodoutsideGosling'soffice;itwentbythenameGreenlater,andwaslaterrenamedJava,fromJavacoffee,saidtobeconsumedinlargequantitiesbythelanguage'screators.[14]GoslingaimedtoimplementavirtualmachineandalanguagethathadafamiliarC/C++styleofnotation.[15]
SunMicrosystemsreleasedthefirstpublicimplementationasJava1.0in1995.Itpromised"WriteOnce,RunAnywhere"(WORA),providingno-costrun-timesonpopularplatforms.Fairlysecureandfeaturingconfigurablesecurity,itallowednetwork-andfile-accessrestrictions.MajorwebbrowserssoonincorporatedtheabilitytorunJavaappletswithinwebpages,andJavaquicklybecamepopular.WiththeadventofJava2(releasedinitiallyasJ2SE1.2inDecember1998–1999),newversionshadmultipleconfigurationsbuiltfordifferenttypesofplatforms.Forexample,J2EEtargetedenterpriseapplicationsandthegreatlystripped-downversionJ2MEformobileapplications(MobileJava).J2SEdesignatedtheStandardEdition.In2006,formarketingpurposes,SunrenamednewJ2versionsasJavaEE,JavaME,andJavaSE,respectively.
In1997,SunMicrosystemsapproachedtheISO/IECJTC1standardsbodyandlatertheEcmaInternationaltoformalizeJava,butitsoonwithdrewfromtheprocess.[16]Javaremainsadefactostandard,controlledthroughtheJavaCommunityProcess.[17]Atonetime,SunmademostofitsJavaimplementationsavailablewithoutcharge,despitetheirproprietarysoftwarestatus.SungeneratedrevenuefromJavathroughthesellingoflicensesforspecializedproductssuchastheJavaEnterpriseSystem.SundistinguishesbetweenitsSoftwareDevelopmentKit(SDK)andRuntimeEnvironment(JRE)(asubsetoftheSDK);theprimarydistinctioninvolvestheJRE'slackofthecompiler,utilityprograms,andheaderfiles.
OnNovember13,2006,SunreleasedmuchofJavaasfreeandopensourcesoftware,(FOSS),underthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL).OnMay8,2007,Sunfinishedtheprocess,makingallofJava'scorecodeavailableunderfreesoftware/open-sourcedistributionterms,asidefromasmallportionofcodetowhichSundidnotholdthecopyright.[18]
Sun'svice-presidentRichGreensaidthatSun'sidealrolewithregardstoJavawasasan"evangelist."[19]FollowingOracleCorporation'sacquisitionofSun
Microsystemsin2009–2010,Oraclehasdescribeditselfasthe"stewardofJavatechnologywitharelentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationandtransparency".[20]Javasoftwarerunsonlaptopstodatacenters,gameconsolestoscientificsupercomputers.Thereare930millionJavaRuntimeEnvironmentdownloadseachyearand3billionmobilephonesrunJava.[21]OnApril2,2010,JamesGoslingresignedfromOracle.[22]
Principles
TherewerefiveprimarygoalsinthecreationoftheJavalanguage:
[23]
1.Itshouldbe"simple,object-orientedandfamiliar"
2.Itshouldbe"robustand