A Pool of Examples for SAT EssayWord文件下载.docx

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欢迎广大专家学者指教

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●GreatSouls

Ø

NelsonMandela

Mandela,theSouthAfricanblackpoliticalleaderandformerpresident,wasawarded1993Nobel

PeacePrizeforhiseffortstoantiracismandantiapartheid.NelsonMandelaisoneofthegreat

moralandpoliticalleadersofourtime:

aninternationalherowhoselifelongdedicationtothe

fightagainstracialoppressioninSouthAfricawonhimtheNobelPeacePrizeandthepresidency

ofhiscountry.Sincehistriumphantreleasein1990frommorethanaquarter-centuryof

imprisonment,Mandelahasbeenatthecentreofthemostcompellingandinspiringpolitical

dramaintheworld.AspresidentoftheAfricanNationalCongressandheadofSouthAfrica'

s

antiapartheidmovement,hewasinstrumentalinmovingthenationtowardmultiracial

governmentandmajorityrule.Heisreveredeverywhereasavitalforceinthefightforhuman

rightsandracialequality.（138）

Gandhi

MahatmaGandhiwasthepre-eminentpoliticalandspiritualleaderofIndiaduringtheIndian

independencemovement.Hewasthepioneeroftheresistancetotyrannythroughmasscivil

disobedience,firmlyfoundedupontotalnon-violence—whichledIndiatoindependenceandhas

inspiredmovementsforcivilrightsandfreedomacrosstheworld.HeisofficiallyhonoredinIndia

astheFatheroftheNation.AfterassumingleadershipoftheIndianNationalCongressin1921,

Gandhilednationwidecampaignstoeasepoverty,expandwomen'

srights,buildreligiousand

ethnicamity,andincreaseeconomicself-reliance.Aboveall,heaimedtoachievethe

independenceofIndiafromforeigndomination.LaterhecampaignedagainsttheBritishtoQuit

India.GandhispentanumberofyearsinjailinbothSouthAfricaandIndia.（128）

Additionally,Gandhiinfluencedimportantleadersandpoliticalmovements.Leadersofthecivil

rightsmovementintheUnitedStates,includingMartinLutherKingandJamesLawson,drew

fromthewritingsofGandhiinthedevelopmentoftheirowntheoriesaboutnon-violence.

Anti-apartheidactivistandformerPresidentofSouthAfrica,NelsonMandela,wasinspiredby

Gandhi.PriortobecomingPresidentoftheUnitedStates,then-SenatorBarackObamanoted

that:

Throughoutmylife,IhavealwayslookedtoMahatmaGandhiasaninspiration,becausehe

embodiesthekindoftransformationalchangethatcanbemadewhenordinarypeoplecome

togethertodoextraordinarythings.ThatiswhyhisportraithangsinmySenateoffice:

toremind

methatrealresultswillcomenotjustfromWashington–theywillcomefromthepeople.（129）

MartinLutherKing

MartinLutherKing,Jr.wasanAmericanclergyman,activistandprominentleaderinthe

African-Americancivilrightmovement.Hismainlegacywastosecureprogressoncivilrightsin

theUnitedStatesandheisfrequentlyreferencedasahumanrightsicontoday.

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Kingledthe1955MontgomeryBusBoycottandhelpedfoundtheSouthernChristianLeadership

Conferencein1957,servingasitsfirstpresident.King'

seffortsledtothe1963Marchon

Washington,whereKingdeliveredhis"

IHaveaDream"

speech.There,heraisedpublic

consciousnessofthecivilrightsmovementandestablishedhimselfasoneofthegreatestorators

inU.S.history.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1968,hehadrefocusedhiseffortsonendingpoverty

andopposingtheVietnamWar,bothfromareligiousperspective.

In1964,KingbecametheyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeforhisworktoend

racialsegregationandracialdiscriminationthroughcivildisobedienceandothernon-violent

means.HewasposthumouslyawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomin1977and

CongressionalGoldMedalin2004;

MartinLutherKing,Jr.DaywasestablishedasaU.S.national

holidayin1986.（192）

MotherTeresa

MotherTeresawasanAlbanianRomanCatholicnunwithIndiancitizenshipwhofoundedthe

MissionariesofCharityinCalcutta,Indiain1950.Forover45yearssheministeredtothepoor,

sick,orphaned,anddying,whileguidingtheMissionariesofCharity‘sexpansion.

MotherTeresa'

sMissionariesofCharitycontinuedtoexpand,andatthetimeofherdeathitwas

operating610missionsin123countries,includinghospicesandhomesforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,

leprosyandtuberculosis,children'

sandfamilycounselingprograms,andschools.

Bythe1970sshewasinternationallyfamedasahumanitarianandadvocatedforthepoorand

helpless.ShewontheNobelPeacePrizein1979andIndia'

shighestcivilianhonor,theBharat

Ratnain1980forherhumanitarianwork.（122）

SusanB.Anthony

AlthoughIamnotafeminist,IadmireSusanB.Anthonyforherdaringtoholdontoherview

evenbeingmockedcruellybyhercontemporaries.Atirelesscivilrightsworker,Anthonydevoted

herlifetotheworkwhichhasguaranteedwomen’sbasicright,includingsuffrageandequal

protectionsunderlaw.Shebelievedthatmenandwomenarecreatedequalandpersevered

unremittinglyinopeningdoorsandexpandingacceptablemodesofbehaviorforwomen.Inthe

patriarchysocietyofhertime,peopleconsideredherunladylikeandridiculous.However,19th

AmendmenttotheConstitutiongiveswomen’srightstovote,whichestablishedSusanB.

Anthonyasaboldrevolutionaryfeministinhistory.（111）

MargaretSanger

MargaretSangersparkedthebirthcontrolmovementwiththepublicationofTheWomanRebel,

inwhichsheencourageswomentoviewconceptionasachoiceratherthananobligation.In

1923,hertirelesseffortsresultedintheestablishmentofAmerica'

sfirstlegalbirthcontrolclinic,

whichservedasacontraceptivedispensaryandresearchfacilityundertheauspicesofthe

AmericanBirthControlLeague（oneofthegroupsthateventuallymorphedintoPlanned

Parenthood）.Thebirthcontrolmovementhashadfar-reaching,worldwideimplications,from

women'

srightstopopulationcontroltothesexualrevolution.（92）

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●BrightMinds

Newton

Newton’saimatCambridgewasalawdegree.InstructionatCambridgewasdominatedbythe

philosophyofAristotlebutsomefreedomofstudywasallowedinthethirdyearofthecourse.

Newtonhadagoldenopportunitytostudyanabundanceofgreatminds:

thephilosophyof

Descartes,Gassendi,Hobbes,andinparticularBoyle.ThemechanicsoftheCopernican

astronomyofGalileoattractedhimandhealsostudiedKepler’sOptics.Itisafascinatingaccount

ofhowNewton’sideaswereformed.Hecollectedallthesethoughtsanddevelopedhisown

systembywhichhesuccessfullyexplainedawiderangeofpreviouslyunrelatedphenomena:

the

eccentricorbitsofcomets,theprocessionoftheEarth’saxis,andmotionoftheMoonas

perturbedbythegravityoftheSun,aswellasthethreelawsofmotionthatmadehiman

internationalleaderinscientificresearchandthegreatestpilotinhuman’scivilization.（157）

Darwin’sOriginofSpecies

Thetheoryofevolutionisoneofthegreatintellectualrevolutionsofhumanhistory.Hundredsof

yearsago,peoplewereconfusedwiththecomplexityofdifferentspeciesoftheworld,and

believedthatspecieswerecreatedbythemysteriousGod.However,Darwindidnotbelieveso.

Afterseveralyears'

study,heeventuallydemonstratedthatspecies,howevercomplexseemingly,

allevolvedbynaturalselectionfromsimpleandpreliminaryconditions.WhenDarwinpublished

hisfamousresearchresultsontheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,thebook

encounteredlotsofcontroversies.Membersofthereligiouscommunity,aswellassome

scientificpeers,wereoutragedandprotested.However,Darwin'

sideaofevolutioneventually

defeatedthetraditionalbeliefandwasacceptedandacknowledgedbysomeinsightfulscientists

andfinallybythesociety.Itisnowreverencedasoneofthegreatestintellectualrevolutionsof

humanhistory.（144）

NicolausCopernicus

NicolausCopernicuswasaPolishmathematicianandastronomerwhoproposedthatthesunwas

stationaryinthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthrevolvedaroundit.Disturbedbythefailure

ofPtolemy'

sgeocentricmodeloftheuniversetofollowAristotle'

srequirementfortheuniform

circularmotionofallcelestialbodies,Copernicusdecidedthathecouldachievehisgoalonly

throughaheliocentricmodel.Hetherebycreatedaconceptofauniverseinwhichthedistances

oftheplanetsfromthesunboreadirectrelationshiptothesizeoftheirorbits.Atthetime

Copernicus'

sheliocentricideawasverycontroversial;

nevertheless,itwasthestartofachange

inthewaytheworldwasviewed,andCopernicuscametobeseenastheinitiatorofthe

ScientificRevolution.（129）

GalileoGalilei

GalileoGalileiwasanItalianphysicist,mathematician,astronomer,andphilosopherwhoplayed

amajorroleintheScientificRevolution.Hisachievementsincludeimprovementstothe

telescopeandconsequentastronomicalobservations,andsupportforCopernicanism.Galileo'

observationsaboutfoursatellitesofJupiterwithhisnewtelescopeconvincedhimofthetru